{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285802943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145361","title":"On a Blockchain-Based Security Scheme for Defense against Malicious Nodes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","display_name":"On a Blockchain-Based Security Scheme for Defense against Malicious Nodes in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285802943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145361","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35891040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145361","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5361/pdf?version=1658316333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5361/pdf?version=1658316333","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069524374","display_name":"Guandong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6108-1973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guandong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Economics and Management, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Economics and Management, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Economics and Management, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026024455","display_name":"Na Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7431-6257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Na Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054307870","display_name":"Chase Q. Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8218-1209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chase Q. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Data Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028811465","display_name":"Xiaomin Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomin Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054307870"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.4559,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94975087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"14","first_page":"5361","last_page":"5361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.9398999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.7386740446090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7356219291687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.7038341760635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6704245805740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6699222326278687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6601210236549377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.6566758751869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.5513359308242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certificate","display_name":"Certificate","score":0.5303861498832703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.5250667929649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.4623905420303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.4209345579147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.21189674735069275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11805155873298645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.7386740446090698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7356219291687012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.7038341760635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6704245805740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6699222326278687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6601210236549377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6566758751869202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.5513359308242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96865113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2946816","display_name":"Certificate","level":2,"score":0.5303861498832703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.5250667929649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.4623905420303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.4209345579147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.21189674735069275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11805155873298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145361","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5361/pdf?version=1658316333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35891040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35891040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91fc0ee39e4d4b4f9b7d717288a230ac","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91fc0ee39e4d4b4f9b7d717288a230ac","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 14, p 5361 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/14/5361/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 14; Pages: 5361","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9322140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9322140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145361","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5361/pdf?version=1658316333","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285802943.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285802943.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W166631009","https://openalex.org/W1920473398","https://openalex.org/W1978231569","https://openalex.org/W1995064428","https://openalex.org/W2028397517","https://openalex.org/W2041475188","https://openalex.org/W2076175845","https://openalex.org/W2089910489","https://openalex.org/W2098545260","https://openalex.org/W2111282467","https://openalex.org/W2152955640","https://openalex.org/W2179898067","https://openalex.org/W2305409997","https://openalex.org/W2492758985","https://openalex.org/W2519684950","https://openalex.org/W2530635014","https://openalex.org/W2535712227","https://openalex.org/W2567592945","https://openalex.org/W2573641500","https://openalex.org/W2593402530","https://openalex.org/W2729020504","https://openalex.org/W2754529701","https://openalex.org/W2786492415","https://openalex.org/W2803109435","https://openalex.org/W2883738719","https://openalex.org/W2887486920","https://openalex.org/W2890569001","https://openalex.org/W2899437261","https://openalex.org/W2914684165","https://openalex.org/W2921352626","https://openalex.org/W2936578932","https://openalex.org/W2945868825","https://openalex.org/W2955783928","https://openalex.org/W2962798563","https://openalex.org/W2971470797","https://openalex.org/W2988586545","https://openalex.org/W3038169716","https://openalex.org/W6669644344","https://openalex.org/W6767615617"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4289035754","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W3100712411"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"ad-hoc":[1],"networks":[2],"(VANETs)":[3],"aim":[4],"to":[5,72,108,111,125],"provide":[6],"a":[7,41],"comfortable":[8],"driving":[9,23],"experience.":[10],"Sharing":[11],"messages":[12,29,79,131],"in":[13,128],"VANETs":[14],"can":[15],"help":[16],"with":[17],"traffic":[18],"management,":[19],"congestion":[20],"mitigation,":[21],"and":[22,60,76,90,92,132,141],"safety.":[24],"However,":[25],"forged":[26,78,130],"or":[27],"false":[28],"may":[30],"undermine":[31],"the":[32,105,119,143],"efficiency":[33,144],"of":[34,51,87,95,145],"VANETs.":[35],"In":[36,97],"this":[37],"paper,":[38],"we":[39],"propose":[40],"security":[42,67],"scheme":[43,68,121],"based":[44,55,80],"on":[45,56,81,104],"blockchain":[46,52,107],"technology,":[47],"where":[48],"two":[49],"types":[50],"are":[53],"constructed":[54],"roadside":[57],"units":[58],"(RSUs)":[59],"Certificate":[61],"Authorities":[62],"(CAs),":[63],"respectively.":[64],"The":[65],"proposed":[66,120],"has":[69],"multifold":[70],"goals":[71],"identify":[73],"malicious":[74,134],"nodes":[75],"detect":[77],"multiple":[82],"factors,":[83],"such":[84],"as":[85],"reputation":[86],"sender":[88],"nodes,":[89],"time":[91],"distance":[93],"effectiveness":[94],"messages.":[96],"addition,":[98],"an":[99],"incentive":[100],"mechanism":[101],"is":[102],"introduced":[103],"RSU":[106],"encourage":[109],"RSUs":[110],"adopt":[112],"active":[113],"behaviors.":[114],"Extensive":[115],"simulations":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118],"exhibits":[122],"superior":[123],"performances":[124],"existing":[126],"methods":[127],"detecting":[129],"identifying":[133],"nodes.":[135],"Meanwhile,":[136],"it":[137],"provides":[138],"privacy":[139],"protection":[140],"improves":[142],"vehicular":[146],"networks.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
