{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285093971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145215","title":"A Sustainable Business Model for a Neutral Host Supporting 5G and beyond (5GB) Ultra-Dense Networks: Challenges, Directions, and Architecture","display_name":"A Sustainable Business Model for a Neutral Host Supporting 5G and beyond (5GB) Ultra-Dense Networks: Challenges, Directions, and Architecture","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285093971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145215","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35890896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5215/pdf?version=1657706715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5215/pdf?version=1657706715","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004004316","display_name":"Yazan M. Allawi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9635-5951"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazan M. Allawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050337500","display_name":"Alaelddin Fuad Yousif Mohammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3709-2933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alaelddin F. Y. Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343841","display_name":"Joohyung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1102-3905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joohyung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026721662","display_name":"Seong Gon Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5326-8321"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163753206","display_name":"Chungbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnxgj78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong Gon Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju 28644, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050337500","https://openalex.org/A5100343841"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74486183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"14","first_page":"5215","last_page":"5215"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host","display_name":"Host (biology)","score":0.5450676679611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5429636240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-model","display_name":"Business model","score":0.517368495464325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.49419596791267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.47350695729255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-architecture","display_name":"Network architecture","score":0.4385250210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.4229896366596222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3899450898170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1331496238708496}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5450676679611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5429636240005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4216890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815823","display_name":"Business model","level":2,"score":0.517368495464325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.49419596791267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.47350695729255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.4385250210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.4229896366596222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3899450898170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1331496238708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5215/pdf?version=1657706715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35890896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35890896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66abbf64dfac4b73b1a2b16619b4319d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66abbf64dfac4b73b1a2b16619b4319d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 14, p 5215 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/14/5215/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 14; Pages: 5215","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9324988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9324988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145215","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5215/pdf?version=1657706715","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1917921091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-01462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3718946594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-2020-0-01462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5650466802","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-2020-0-01462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285093971.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285093971.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1154489291","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2300086772","https://openalex.org/W2338774382","https://openalex.org/W2345842246","https://openalex.org/W2398409936","https://openalex.org/W2460849224","https://openalex.org/W2476671161","https://openalex.org/W2557221792","https://openalex.org/W2952463837","https://openalex.org/W2963914058","https://openalex.org/W2972192366","https://openalex.org/W2973449430","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3011852199","https://openalex.org/W3194504440","https://openalex.org/W4200310281","https://openalex.org/W4200436039","https://openalex.org/W4210482483","https://openalex.org/W4238773768"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117112636","https://openalex.org/W2001981265","https://openalex.org/W3165388193","https://openalex.org/W2014134454","https://openalex.org/W2371177456","https://openalex.org/W274046748","https://openalex.org/W4390860228","https://openalex.org/W1804953925","https://openalex.org/W1970095541","https://openalex.org/W4294579757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,12,59,71,88,99,123,151,154,180,242,261,270,280],"deployment":[2,239],"of":[3,76,102,125,153,182,192,244,252],"fifth":[5],"generation":[6],"(5G)":[7],"mobile":[8,31],"network":[9,32,72,139,176,211],"systems":[10],"and":[11,22,35,53,127,145,159,163,196,219,226,276,296],"envisioned":[13],"heterogeneous":[14,175],"ultra-dense":[15],"networks":[16],"(UDNs),":[17],"both":[18,194],"small":[19],"cell":[20],"(SmC)":[21],"distributed":[23],"antenna":[24],"system":[25],"(DAS)":[26],"technologies":[27,46,147,178,278],"are":[28,148],"required":[29],"by":[30,87,289],"operators":[33],"(MNOs)":[34],"venue":[36],"owners":[37],"to":[38,90,213,266],"support":[39],"multiple":[40,43,48,54,77],"spectrum":[41],"bands,":[42],"radio":[44,209,220],"access":[45,210],"(RATs),":[47],"optical":[49,137],"central":[50],"offices":[51],"(COs),":[52],"MNOs.":[55],"As":[56],"a":[57,65,82,92,107,112,116,201,267],"result,":[58],"neutral":[60,113,155,186,281],"host":[61,114,156,187,282],"business":[62,109,157,188],"model":[63,110,158,189],"representing":[64],"third":[66],"party":[67],"responsible":[68],"for":[69,111,165,179,224],"managing":[70],"enterprise":[73],"on":[74,207],"behalf":[75],"MNOs":[78],"has":[79],"emerged":[80],"as":[81,258,260],"potential":[83],"solution,":[84],"mainly":[85],"influenced":[86],"desire":[89],"provide":[91],"high":[93],"user":[94],"experience":[95],"without":[96],"significantly":[97],"increasing":[98],"total":[100],"cost":[101],"ownership":[103],"(TCO).":[104],"However,":[105],"designing":[106],"sustainable":[108],"is":[115,264],"nontrivial":[117],"task,":[118],"especially":[119],"when":[120],"considered":[121],"in":[122,174,285,292,298],"context":[124],"5G":[126],"beyond":[128],"(5GB)":[129],"UDNs.":[130],"In":[131],"this":[132],"paper,":[133],"under":[134,254],"an":[135,183,293,299],"integrated":[136],"wireless":[138],"infrastructure,":[140],"we":[141,169,199],"review":[142],"how":[143],"SmC":[144,195],"DAS":[146],"evolving":[149],"towards":[150],"adoption":[152],"identify":[160],"key":[161],"challenges":[162],"requirements":[164,251],"5GB":[166,185,253],"support.":[167],"Thus,":[168],"explore":[170],"recent":[171],"candidate":[172],"advancements":[173],"integration":[177],"realization":[181],"efficient":[184],"design":[190,203,283],"capable":[191],"accommodating":[193],"DAS.":[197],"Furthermore,":[198],"propose":[200],"novel":[202],"architecture":[204],"that":[205,273],"relies":[206],"virtual":[208],"(vRAN)":[212],"enable":[214],"real-time":[215],"dynamic":[216],"resource":[217],"allocation":[218],"over":[221,236],"Ethernet":[222],"(RoE)":[223],"flexible":[225],"reconfigurable":[227],"fronthaul.":[228],"The":[229],"results":[230,271,284],"from":[231],"our":[232],"simulations":[233],"using":[234],"MATLAB":[235],"two":[237],"real-life":[238],"scenarios":[240],"validate":[241],"feasibility":[243],"utilizing":[245],"switched":[246],"RoE":[247,275],"considering":[248],"end-to-end":[249],"delay":[250,263],"different":[255],"switching":[256],"schemes,":[257],"long":[259],"queuing":[262],"kept":[265],"minimum.":[268],"Finally,":[269],"show":[272],"incorporating":[274],"vRAN":[277],"into":[279],"substantial":[286],"TCO":[287],"reduction":[288],"about":[290],"81%":[291],"indoor":[294],"scenario":[295],"73%":[297],"outdoor":[300],"scenario.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
