{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4284879437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145073","title":"Pose Estimation for Visible Light Systems Using a Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture Receiver","display_name":"Pose Estimation for Visible Light Systems Using a Quadrature Angular Diversity Aperture Receiver","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4284879437","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145073","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35890753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5073/pdf?version=1657102169","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5073/pdf?version=1657102169","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103270719","display_name":"Shengqiang Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1146-1713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shengqiang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China","School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1146-1713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062047328","display_name":"Jose Miguel Men\u00e9ndez S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6556-7567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2135383","display_name":"Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral","ror":"https://ror.org/04qenc566","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2135383"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE","EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Miguel Men\u00e9ndez S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University/IMEC, Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Electricidad y Computaci\u00f3n, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil 90112, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6556-7567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University/IMEC, Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda en Electricidad y Computaci\u00f3n, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 V\u00eda Perimetral, Guayaquil 90112, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2135383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011102707","display_name":"Shiyin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9635-7079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25757504","display_name":"China University of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01xt2dr21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China","School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091645565","display_name":"Heidi Steendam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heidi Steendam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University/IMEC, Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0667-3276","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications and Information Processing, Ghent University/IMEC, Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, 9000 Ghent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103270719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25757504"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2649,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50363005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"14","first_page":"5073","last_page":"5073"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6280031204223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5433067679405212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.5165723562240601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49016889929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearity","display_name":"Linearity","score":0.4844644069671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46966278553009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photodiode","display_name":"Photodiode","score":0.414220929145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-sensor","display_name":"Image sensor","score":0.4128264784812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.26512524485588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.19604039192199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18727052211761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1539073884487152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.12860620021820068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6280031204223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5433067679405212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.5165723562240601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49016889929771423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77170095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753188","display_name":"Linearity","level":2,"score":0.4844644069671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46966278553009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C751236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175943","display_name":"Photodiode","level":2,"score":0.414220929145813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.4128264784812927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.26512524485588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.19604039192199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18727052211761475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1539073884487152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.12860620021820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5073/pdf?version=1657102169","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35890753","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35890753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:8764882","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8764882","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1424-8220","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a510bd6e0f5f4abca573197475fd78e5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a510bd6e0f5f4abca573197475fd78e5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 14, p 5073 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/14/5073/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 14; Pages: 5073","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9325273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9325273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22145073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145073","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/14/5073/pdf?version=1657102169","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1007325403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30452698","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","funder_display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1576565606","display_name":"\u7164\u77ff\u7efc\u91c7\u5de5\u4f5c\u9762\u8d85\u5bbd\u5e26\u4fe1\u53f7\u4f20\u64ad\u7279\u6027\u4e0e\u79fb\u52a8\u8bbe\u5907\u7cbe\u786e\u5b9a\u4f4d\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61771474","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5427962371","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30452698","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","ror":"https://ror.org/03q83t159"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322526","display_name":"Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n Superior, Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/056c6e777"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4284879437.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481101934","https://openalex.org/W1502922572","https://openalex.org/W1913431666","https://openalex.org/W1965268603","https://openalex.org/W1976823255","https://openalex.org/W2033819227","https://openalex.org/W2105935781","https://openalex.org/W2144157210","https://openalex.org/W2167667767","https://openalex.org/W2169102162","https://openalex.org/W2172860135","https://openalex.org/W2525366067","https://openalex.org/W2556306958","https://openalex.org/W2563956572","https://openalex.org/W2566091547","https://openalex.org/W2590866017","https://openalex.org/W2759547991","https://openalex.org/W2768361931","https://openalex.org/W2780200238","https://openalex.org/W2795041516","https://openalex.org/W2915363717","https://openalex.org/W2962735341","https://openalex.org/W2990472302","https://openalex.org/W2996605732","https://openalex.org/W2998471161","https://openalex.org/W3015085979","https://openalex.org/W3034702683","https://openalex.org/W3100410537","https://openalex.org/W3156154544","https://openalex.org/W3175727142","https://openalex.org/W3202117069","https://openalex.org/W4205293427","https://openalex.org/W6733988193","https://openalex.org/W6888765124"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2541791370","https://openalex.org/W2035976912","https://openalex.org/W3094187672","https://openalex.org/W2921707373","https://openalex.org/W4386597354","https://openalex.org/W2125775971","https://openalex.org/W3013755139","https://openalex.org/W2064050377","https://openalex.org/W1592530228","https://openalex.org/W2551450270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,261,339],"quadrature":[1],"angular":[2],"diversity":[3],"aperture":[4,15,125],"(QADA)":[5],"receiver,":[6],"consisting":[7],"of":[8,96,160,175,187,190,272,280,287,291,314,332,348,365],"a":[9,93,112,134,200,221,241,336,349],"quadrant":[10],"photodiode":[11],"(QPD)":[12],"and":[13,173,192,211,228,249,275,284,317,341,369],"an":[14,226,237,321],"placed":[16],"above":[17,168],"the":[18,36,53,64,82,86,90,97,114,124,132,138,152,158,167,176,185,188,195,205,216,247,250,255,270,273,281,288,292,302,308,312,315,325,363,366,371,376],"QPD,":[19,133],"has":[20,58],"been":[21],"investigated":[22],"for":[23,26,35,72,109,170,204],"pose":[24,33,153,171,251,271,342,373],"estimation":[25,34,172,230,252,343],"visible":[27],"light":[28,54,98],"systems.":[29],"Current":[30,142],"work":[31,143],"on":[32,63,111,144,194,245,307],"QADA":[37,91,177],"receiver":[38,139,274],"uses":[39],"classical":[40],"camera":[41,73],"sensor":[42],"algorithms":[43,253],"well":[44],"known":[45],"in":[46,76,122,220,240],"computer":[47],"vision.":[48],"To":[49,179],"this":[50,67,163,180,357],"end,":[51,181],"however,":[52],"spot":[55,99],"center":[56],"first":[57,183],"to":[59,78,136,150,232,278,297,310,318,323,334,362],"be":[60],"obtained":[61],"based":[62,244],"RSS.":[65],"However,":[66],"is":[68,92,126,140,213,276,360],"less":[69],"straightforward":[70],"than":[71],"sensors,":[74],"as":[75,320],"contrast":[77],"such":[79],"sensors":[80],"where":[81],"relationships":[83],"are":[84,259,344],"linear,":[85],"RSS":[87,209],"output":[88],"from":[89],"non-linear":[94],"function":[95,198],"position.":[100],"When":[101],"applying":[102],"closed":[103],"form":[104],"solutions":[105],"or":[106,330],"iterative":[107],"methods":[108],"cameras":[110],"QADA,":[113],"non-linearity":[115],"will":[116],"degrade":[117],"their":[118],"performance.":[119],"Furthermore,":[120],"since":[121],"practice":[123],"not":[127,265],"always":[128],"perfectly":[129],"aligned":[130],"with":[131],"procedure":[135],"calibrate":[137],"needed.":[141],"calibration":[145,174,248,263,340],"requires":[146],"additional":[147],"sophisticated":[148],"equipment":[149],"measure":[151],"during":[154],"calibration,":[155],"which":[156,224,246],"increases":[157],"difficulty":[159],"implementation.":[161],"In":[162],"paper,":[164],"we":[165,182,235],"target":[166],"problems":[169],"receiver.":[178],"study":[184],"effect":[186],"strategy":[189,203,218],"differencing":[191],"normalization":[193],"probability":[196],"density":[197],"(PDF),":[199],"commonly":[201],"applied":[202,217],"QPD's":[206],"robustness":[207],"against":[208],"variation,":[210],"it":[212,295],"shown":[214],"that":[215,356,370],"results":[219],"complex":[222],"PDF,":[223],"makes":[225],"effective":[227],"efficient":[229],"hard":[231],"achieve.":[233],"Therefore,":[234],"derive":[236,301],"approximated":[238],"PDF":[239],"simple":[242],"closed-form,":[243],"using":[254],"least":[256],"squares":[257],"principle":[258],"proposed.":[260],"proposed":[262,367,372],"does":[264],"require":[266],"any":[267],"information":[268],"about":[269],"robust":[277],"variation":[279],"received":[282],"power":[283],"imperfect":[285],"knowledge":[286],"radiation":[289],"pattern":[290],"LED,":[293],"making":[294],"easy":[296],"implement.":[298],"We":[299],"also":[300],"corresponding":[303],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[304],"lower":[305],"bound":[306,359],"misalignment":[309,316],"benchmark":[311],"performance":[313],"serve":[319],"indicator":[322],"determine":[324],"required":[326],"signal-to-noise":[327],"ratio":[328],"(SNR)":[329],"number":[331],"LEDs":[333],"obtain":[335],"desired":[337],"accuracy.":[338],"evaluated":[345],"by":[346],"means":[347],"Monte":[350],"Carlo":[351],"simulation.":[352],"Computer":[353],"simulations":[354],"show":[355],"theoretical":[358],"close":[361],"RMSE":[364],"estimator":[368,374],"outperforms":[375],"PnP":[377],"algorithm.":[378]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
