{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283317983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134722","title":"Recognition Method of Knob Gear in Substation Based on YOLOv4 and Darknet53-DUC-DSNT","display_name":"Recognition Method of Knob Gear in Substation Based on YOLOv4 and Darknet53-DUC-DSNT","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283317983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134722","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35808219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22134722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134722","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4722/pdf?version=1655907262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4722/pdf?version=1655907262","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001377140","display_name":"Ronglin Qin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronglin Qin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012624002","display_name":"Zexi Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6263-1869"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zexi Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061722604","display_name":"Zi-Wei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6067-0514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6067-0514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014018989","display_name":"Rujiang He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rujiang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qianghua Times (Chengdu) Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610095, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qianghua Times (Chengdu) Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610095, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012624002"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3556,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82986075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"13","first_page":"4722","last_page":"4722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7029473781585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6032223701477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6029436588287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5732274651527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5700903534889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5526085495948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.549010694026947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49694421887397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44098666310310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.4278000593185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14090383052825928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7029473781585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6032223701477051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6029436588287354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5732274651527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5700903534889221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5526085495948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.549010694026947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49694421887397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44098666310310364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.4278000593185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14090383052825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22134722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134722","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4722/pdf?version=1655907262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35808219","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35808219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1f9701a2541540ccb1f2e65760297800","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1f9701a2541540ccb1f2e65760297800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 13, p 4722 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/13/4722/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134722","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 13; Pages: 4722","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9269388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9269388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22134722","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134722","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4722/pdf?version=1655907262","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7164170120","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1711902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283317983.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283317983.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1560270123","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2407521645","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2576757746","https://openalex.org/W2592939477","https://openalex.org/W2785200097","https://openalex.org/W2800691917","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963598138","https://openalex.org/W2963857746","https://openalex.org/W2964241181","https://openalex.org/W2967450697","https://openalex.org/W2989852531","https://openalex.org/W2998943318","https://openalex.org/W3000322757","https://openalex.org/W3011098590","https://openalex.org/W3034750257","https://openalex.org/W3034884618","https://openalex.org/W3042011474","https://openalex.org/W3049107186","https://openalex.org/W3083242390","https://openalex.org/W3085618511","https://openalex.org/W3092202362","https://openalex.org/W3128944770","https://openalex.org/W3130143665","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3135057287","https://openalex.org/W3154545436","https://openalex.org/W3156313549","https://openalex.org/W3160613754","https://openalex.org/W3167007761","https://openalex.org/W3180134609","https://openalex.org/W3192970355","https://openalex.org/W3193884101","https://openalex.org/W3203220901","https://openalex.org/W4200551431","https://openalex.org/W6772750526","https://openalex.org/W6794206408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3162204513","https://openalex.org/W2366906938","https://openalex.org/W2371138613","https://openalex.org/W2349391998","https://openalex.org/W4205655149","https://openalex.org/W2048963458","https://openalex.org/W43109613","https://openalex.org/W2359952343","https://openalex.org/W2239445980","https://openalex.org/W2000775715"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"unattended":[1,13],"substations":[2],"are":[3,36,55],"popular,":[4],"the":[5,17,21,23,40,49,62,66,71,82,89,113,131,147,155,178,209,214,217,220,225,240,245],"knob":[6,28,43,75,96,120,143,156,210,248],"is":[7,45,97,152,175],"a":[8,27,77,118,163,166],"vital":[9],"monitoring":[10],"object":[11],"for":[12,130,146,181],"substations.":[14],"However,":[15],"in":[16],"actual":[18],"scene":[19],"of":[20,26,42,51,92,95,139,165,184,219,247],"substation,":[22],"recognition":[24,122,145],"method":[25,123,237],"gear":[29,121,144,211,249],"has":[30,76],"low":[31,46],"accuracy.":[32],"The":[33,231],"main":[34],"reasons":[35],"as":[37,154,177],"follows.":[38],"Firstly,":[39,150],"SNR":[41],"images":[44],"due":[47],"to":[48,57,85,107,142,159,190,197],"influence":[50],"lighting":[52],"conditions,":[53],"which":[54,80,99,171],"challenging":[56],"extract":[58,173],"image":[59,63,102],"features.":[60],"Secondly,":[61],"deviates":[64],"from":[65,162],"front":[67],"view":[68],"affected":[69],"by":[70,212],"shooting":[72],"angle;":[73],"that":[74,235],"certain":[78],"deformation,":[79],"causes":[81],"feature":[83,90,199],"judgment":[84],"be":[86],"disturbed.":[87],"Finally,":[88,206],"distribution":[91],"each":[93],"kind":[94],"inconsistent,":[98],"interferes":[100],"with":[101,187],"extraction":[103,200],"features":[104],"and":[105,127,134,194,201,224,228,243],"leads":[106],"weak":[108],"spatial":[109,203],"generalization":[110,204],"ability.":[111,205],"For":[112],"above":[114,241],"problems,":[115],"we":[116,207],"propose":[117],"three-stage":[119],"based":[124],"on":[125],"YOLOv4":[126,151],"Darknet53-DUC-DSNT":[128],"models":[129],"first":[132,148],"time":[133],"apply":[135],"key":[136],"point":[137,223,227],"detection":[138,183],"deep":[140],"learning":[141],"time.":[149],"used":[153,176],"area":[157],"detector":[158],"find":[160],"knobs":[161],"picture":[164],"cabinet":[167],"panel.":[168],"Then,":[169],"Darknet53,":[170],"can":[172],"features,":[174],"backbone":[179],"network":[180],"keypoint":[182],"knobs,":[185],"combined":[186],"DUC":[188],"structure":[189,196],"recover":[191],"detailed":[192],"information":[193],"DSNT":[195],"enhance":[198],"improve":[202],"obtained":[208],"calculating":[213],"angle":[215],"between":[216],"line":[218],"rotating":[221],"center":[222],"pointing":[226],"horizontal":[229],"direction.":[230],"experimental":[232],"results":[233],"show":[234],"this":[236],"effectively":[238],"solves":[239],"problems":[242],"improves":[244],"performance":[246],"detection.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}