{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283371218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134659","title":"Machine Learning Techniques Based on Primary User Emulation Detection in Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks","display_name":"Machine Learning Techniques Based on Primary User Emulation Detection in Mobile Cognitive Radio Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283371218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134659","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35808156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22134659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134659","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4659/pdf?version=1655793630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4659/pdf?version=1655793630","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042954597","display_name":"Ernesto Cadena Mu\u00f1oz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-3665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I332011152","display_name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsxd428","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Cadena Mu\u00f1oz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technological Faculty, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 111931, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-3665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technological Faculty, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 111931, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084637573","display_name":"Luis Fernando Pedraza Mart\u00ednez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-6478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I332011152","display_name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsxd428","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Fernando Pedraza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technological Faculty, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 111931, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technological Faculty, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 111931, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108034959","display_name":"C\u00e9sar Augusto Hern\u00e1ndez Su\u00e1rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-8341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I332011152","display_name":"Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas","ror":"https://ror.org/02jsxd428","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}],"countries":["CO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cesar Augusto Hern\u00e1ndez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technological Faculty, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 111931, Colombia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9409-8341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technological Faculty, Universidad Distrital Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Caldas, Bogot\u00e1 111931, Colombia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042954597"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I332011152"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.0016,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86658902,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"13","first_page":"4659","last_page":"4659"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.9052923917770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emulation","display_name":"Emulation","score":0.7877756357192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7118608355522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-software-radio-peripheral","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","score":0.6763604283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6481778025627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-radio","display_name":"Software-defined radio","score":0.550796389579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5250691771507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.47411707043647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.4658070206642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.4564282298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32508939504623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3193802833557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.27200114727020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2468193769454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14104819297790527}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.9052923917770386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.7877756357192993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7118608355522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.6952000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192220659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1245659","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","level":3,"score":0.6763604283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6481778025627136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171115542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331892","display_name":"Software-defined radio","level":2,"score":0.550796389579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5250691771507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.47411707043647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.4658070206642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.4564282298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32508939504623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3193802833557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.27200114727020264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2468193769454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14104819297790527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22134659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134659","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4659/pdf?version=1655793630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35808156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35808156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2551dc6193124f86825c03ca793fa0a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2551dc6193124f86825c03ca793fa0a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 13, p 4659 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/13/4659/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22134659","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 13; Pages: 4659","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9269067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9269067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22134659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22134659","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/13/4659/pdf?version=1655793630","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F3277441329","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/03fd5ne08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309955","display_name":"Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (COLCIENCIAS)","ror":"https://ror.org/048jthh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321458","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Colombia","ror":"https://ror.org/059yx9a68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283371218.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283371218.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939924450","https://openalex.org/W2079457652","https://openalex.org/W2157756146","https://openalex.org/W2566124554","https://openalex.org/W2583951715","https://openalex.org/W2599611228","https://openalex.org/W2740468325","https://openalex.org/W2742568568","https://openalex.org/W2897852426","https://openalex.org/W2899698170","https://openalex.org/W2943687223","https://openalex.org/W2971583991","https://openalex.org/W2982386042","https://openalex.org/W2984592372","https://openalex.org/W2993580201","https://openalex.org/W2996105783","https://openalex.org/W2997055679","https://openalex.org/W3006292336","https://openalex.org/W3013728284","https://openalex.org/W3014965857","https://openalex.org/W3026646085","https://openalex.org/W3033020335","https://openalex.org/W3047499341","https://openalex.org/W3047850449","https://openalex.org/W3053101691","https://openalex.org/W3057970641","https://openalex.org/W3082860291","https://openalex.org/W3096769599","https://openalex.org/W3128544069","https://openalex.org/W3132404863","https://openalex.org/W3132517742","https://openalex.org/W3137116180","https://openalex.org/W3159238871","https://openalex.org/W3159273725","https://openalex.org/W3160992466","https://openalex.org/W3207765072","https://openalex.org/W6640591720","https://openalex.org/W6762612324","https://openalex.org/W6795580190"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251089492","https://openalex.org/W2993899695","https://openalex.org/W2886621694","https://openalex.org/W2540432762","https://openalex.org/W2127011572","https://openalex.org/W1622326982","https://openalex.org/W2354005007","https://openalex.org/W4231102563","https://openalex.org/W2545213287","https://openalex.org/W2162075876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"cognitive":[1,73],"radio":[2,50,141],"networks":[3],"(MCRNs)":[4],"have":[5],"arisen":[6],"as":[7,22],"an":[8,84],"alternative":[9],"mobile":[10,19],"communication":[11],"because":[12],"of":[13,32,48,72,156,167],"the":[14,29,46,56,63,80,94,101,112,130,146,150,154,161,174,181],"spectrum":[15,51,57],"scarcity":[16],"in":[17,132,164,180],"actual":[18],"technologies":[20],"such":[21],"4G":[23],"and":[24,66,97,122,134,152,176],"5G":[25],"networks.":[26],"MCRN":[27],"uses":[28],"spectral":[30],"holes":[31],"a":[33,49,75,139],"primary":[34,87],"user":[35,77,88],"(PU)":[36],"to":[37,44,61,100,111,128],"transmit":[38],"its":[39],"signals.":[40],"It":[41],"is":[42,54,59],"essential":[43],"detect":[45,62,129],"use":[47],"frequency,":[52],"which":[53,91],"where":[55],"sensing":[58],"used":[60,127],"PU":[64,95],"presence":[65],"avoid":[67],"interferences.":[68],"In":[69,103],"this":[70,104],"part":[71],"radio,":[74],"third":[76],"can":[78,92],"affect":[79],"network":[81],"by":[82,158],"making":[83],"attack":[85],"called":[86],"emulation":[89,135],"(PUE),":[90],"mimic":[93],"signal":[96],"obtain":[98],"access":[99],"frequency.":[102],"paper,":[105],"we":[106],"applied":[107],"machine":[108,118],"learning":[109],"techniques":[110,179],"classification":[113],"process.":[114],"A":[115],"support":[116],"vector":[117],"(SVM),":[119],"random":[120,177],"forest,":[121],"K-nearest":[123],"neighbors":[124],"(KNN)":[125],"were":[126],"PUE":[131,151],"simulation":[133],"experiments":[136],"implemented":[137],"on":[138],"software-defined":[140],"(SDR)":[142],"testbed,":[143],"showing":[144],"that":[145],"SVM":[147],"technique":[148],"detected":[149],"increased":[153],"probability":[155],"detection":[157],"8%":[159],"above":[160,173],"energy":[162],"detector":[163],"low":[165],"values":[166],"signal-to-noise":[168],"ratio":[169],"(SNR),":[170],"being":[171],"5%":[172],"KNN":[175],"forest":[178],"experiments.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T08:33:18.762332","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
