{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283171974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124565","title":"Analysis of Extended Information Provided by Bluetooth Traffic Monitoring Systems to Enhance Short-Term Level of Service Prediction","display_name":"Analysis of Extended Information Provided by Bluetooth Traffic Monitoring Systems to Enhance Short-Term Level of Service Prediction","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283171974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124565","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35746347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22124565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124565","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4565/pdf?version=1655989631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4565/pdf?version=1655989631","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077702869","display_name":"Rub\u00e9n Fern\u00e1ndez Pozo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-8450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rub\u00e9n Fern\u00e1ndez Pozo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7306-8450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056950692","display_name":"Ana Bel\u00e9n Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0023-9607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ana Bel\u00e9n Rodr\u00edguez Gonz\u00e1lez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0023-9607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046964987","display_name":"Mark Richard Wilby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-2948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Richard Wilby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0062-2948","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083060082","display_name":"Juan Jos\u00e9 Vinagre D\u00edaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juan Jos\u00e9 Vinagre D\u00edaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0311","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics Applied to Information and Communication Technologies, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083060082"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06937344,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"12","first_page":"4565","last_page":"4565"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.8374919295310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.722432553768158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5278441905975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5191642045974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4079945683479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.40063485503196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3629564344882965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.360970675945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3191102147102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.31316351890563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1597433090209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.12632501125335693}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.8374919295310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.722432553768158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5278441905975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5191642045974731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4079945683479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.40063485503196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3629564344882965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.360970675945282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3191102147102356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.31316351890563965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1597433090209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.12632501125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22124565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124565","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4565/pdf?version=1655989631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35746347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35746347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b7cec46879f41619f0e14b5d8447a3c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b7cec46879f41619f0e14b5d8447a3c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 12, p 4565 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/12/4565/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124565","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 12; Pages: 4565","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9230605","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9230605","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22124565","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124565","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4565/pdf?version=1655989631","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313831","display_name":"Comunidad de Madrid","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322138","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283171974.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4283171974.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190437827","https://openalex.org/W1577927906","https://openalex.org/W1998783746","https://openalex.org/W2004353783","https://openalex.org/W2085592822","https://openalex.org/W2096945460","https://openalex.org/W2119460626","https://openalex.org/W2131819535","https://openalex.org/W2131987814","https://openalex.org/W2141948130","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2190353863","https://openalex.org/W2207071930","https://openalex.org/W2296430572","https://openalex.org/W2480319120","https://openalex.org/W2708015072","https://openalex.org/W2790680701","https://openalex.org/W2790996921","https://openalex.org/W2799109291","https://openalex.org/W2802508687","https://openalex.org/W2803495236","https://openalex.org/W2894924324","https://openalex.org/W2899160797","https://openalex.org/W2899443545","https://openalex.org/W2904346290","https://openalex.org/W2904393163","https://openalex.org/W2912462370","https://openalex.org/W2912496565","https://openalex.org/W2930208852","https://openalex.org/W2963440544","https://openalex.org/W2964092686","https://openalex.org/W2964523542","https://openalex.org/W2974087501","https://openalex.org/W2996366953","https://openalex.org/W3015712039","https://openalex.org/W3044658581","https://openalex.org/W3103553187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220926637","https://openalex.org/W2362681120","https://openalex.org/W2376320007","https://openalex.org/W4376643979","https://openalex.org/W4312465446","https://openalex.org/W2389079374","https://openalex.org/W2372429262","https://openalex.org/W2903653170","https://openalex.org/W2351967314","https://openalex.org/W2967161677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bluetooth":[0],"monitoring":[1],"systems":[2],"(BTMS)":[3],"have":[4,27],"opened":[5,79],"a":[6,13,80,95,122,197],"new":[7],"era":[8],"in":[9],"traffic":[10,91,169],"sensing,":[11],"providing":[12],"reliable,":[14],"economical,":[15],"and":[16,35,103,113,162,205],"easy-to-deploy":[17],"solution":[18],"to":[19,31,43,66,88,116,130,133,138,154,196,218,225],"uniquely":[20],"identify":[21],"vehicles.":[22],"Raw":[23],"data":[24,135],"from":[25,215],"BTMS":[26],"traditionally":[28],"been":[29],"used":[30],"calculate":[32],"travel":[33],"time":[34],"origin-destination":[36],"matrices.":[37],"However,":[38],"we":[39,108,145,178,209],"could":[40],"extend":[41],"this":[42,106,139,143],"include":[44],"other":[45],"information":[46,115,187],"like":[47],"the":[48,67,86,134,164,167,183,189,211,216,223,226],"number":[49],"of":[50,70,74,150,185,199],"vehicles":[51],"or":[52],"their":[53,60,174],"residence":[54],"times.":[55],"This":[56],"information,":[57],"together":[58],"with":[59],"temporal":[61,114,186],"components,":[62],"can":[63],"be":[64],"applied":[65],"complex":[68,172],"task":[69],"forecasting":[71],"traffic.":[72],"Level":[73],"service":[75],"(LOS)":[76],"prediction":[77,156,206],"has":[78],"novel":[81],"research":[82],"line":[83],"that":[84],"fulfills":[85],"need":[87],"anticipate":[89],"future":[90],"states,":[92,170],"based":[93,120],"on":[94,121,182,188],"standard":[96],"link-based":[97],"variable,":[98],"accepted":[99],"for":[100,152,166],"both":[101],"researchers":[102],"practitioners.":[104],"In":[105],"paper,":[107],"incorporate":[109],"BTMS's":[110],"extended":[111],"variables":[112],"an":[117,147],"LOS":[118,190],"classifier":[119],"Random":[123],"Undersampling":[124],"Boost":[125],"algorithm,":[126],"which":[127],"is":[128],"proven":[129],"efficiently":[131],"respond":[132],"unbalance":[136],"intrinsic":[137,175],"problem.":[140],"By":[141],"using":[142],"approach,":[144],"achieve":[146],"overall":[148],"recall":[149],"87.2%":[151],"up":[153,195],"15-min":[155],"horizons,":[157],"reaching":[158],"96.6%":[159],"predicting":[160],"congestion,":[161],"improving":[163],"results":[165],"intermediate":[168],"especially":[171],"given":[173],"instability.":[176],"Additionally,":[177],"provide":[179],"detailed":[180],"analyses":[181],"impact":[184],"predictor's":[191],"performance,":[192],"observing":[193],"improvements":[194],"separation":[198],"50":[200],"min":[201],"between":[202],"last":[203],"features":[204,221],"horizons.":[207],"Furthermore,":[208],"study":[210],"predictor":[212],"importance":[213],"resulting":[214],"classifiers":[217],"highlight":[219],"those":[220],"contributing":[222],"most":[224],"final":[227],"achievements.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2022-06-21T00:00:00"}