{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4282571594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124339","title":"Enhanced Single Shot Small Object Detector for Aerial Imagery Using Super-Resolution, Feature Fusion and Deconvolution","display_name":"Enhanced Single Shot Small Object Detector for Aerial Imagery Using Super-Resolution, Feature Fusion and Deconvolution","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4282571594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124339","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35746125"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22124339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4339/pdf?version=1654680449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4339/pdf?version=1654680449","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042598106","display_name":"Mahdi Maktabdar Oghaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2697-8288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51216347","display_name":"Anglia Ruskin University","ror":"https://ror.org/0009t4v78","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Maktab Dar Oghaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2697-8288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020545812","display_name":"Manzoor Razaak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205051169","display_name":"Kingston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bbqza97","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manzoor Razaak","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Robot Vision Team, Kingston University London, London KT1 2EE, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Robot Vision Team, Kingston University London, London KT1 2EE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205051169"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000187752","display_name":"Paolo Remagnino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9168-7746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Remagnino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Upper MountJoy, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9168-7746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Durham University, Upper MountJoy, Durham DH1 3LE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042598106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51216347"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.6428,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91269645,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"12","first_page":"4339","last_page":"4339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.746711015701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.7150230407714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.68410325050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6812608242034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6697684526443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerial-image","display_name":"Aerial image","score":0.6683496832847595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5944647789001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deconvolution","display_name":"Deconvolution","score":0.5761566162109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5104962587356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5078156590461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.49869847297668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4283910393714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4211381673812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22590923309326172}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.746711015701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7150230407714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.68410325050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6812608242034912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6697684526443481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776429412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4688011","display_name":"Aerial image","level":3,"score":0.6683496832847595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5944647789001465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174576160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1183700","display_name":"Deconvolution","level":2,"score":0.5761566162109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5104962587356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5078156590461731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.49869847297668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4283910393714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4211381673812866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22590923309326172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22124339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4339/pdf?version=1654680449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35746125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35746125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e70ced6321cb4f999972652ce541dd8e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e70ced6321cb4f999972652ce541dd8e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 12, p 4339 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/12/4339/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 12; Pages: 4339","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9228717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9228717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22124339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124339","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/12/4339/pdf?version=1654680449","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282571594.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4282571594.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2036989445","https://openalex.org/W2102605133","https://openalex.org/W2121058967","https://openalex.org/W2124964692","https://openalex.org/W2146292423","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2193145675","https://openalex.org/W2222317246","https://openalex.org/W2322076341","https://openalex.org/W2403816530","https://openalex.org/W2473640056","https://openalex.org/W2476548250","https://openalex.org/W2480078828","https://openalex.org/W2503835474","https://openalex.org/W2519586580","https://openalex.org/W2547686582","https://openalex.org/W2611061328","https://openalex.org/W2625219738","https://openalex.org/W2695028939","https://openalex.org/W2737250466","https://openalex.org/W2785341984","https://openalex.org/W2793317619","https://openalex.org/W2890785584","https://openalex.org/W2894878591","https://openalex.org/W2895598217","https://openalex.org/W2896155169","https://openalex.org/W2896303549","https://openalex.org/W2900585446","https://openalex.org/W2924873663","https://openalex.org/W2953622767","https://openalex.org/W2955525211","https://openalex.org/W2956891660","https://openalex.org/W2958435308","https://openalex.org/W2960914750","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963167203","https://openalex.org/W2963323326","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963620158","https://openalex.org/W2963849369","https://openalex.org/W2971597474","https://openalex.org/W2972321833","https://openalex.org/W2981193399","https://openalex.org/W2982527808","https://openalex.org/W2985384565","https://openalex.org/W3013162535","https://openalex.org/W3013419941","https://openalex.org/W3016641475","https://openalex.org/W3047731328","https://openalex.org/W3087502885","https://openalex.org/W3096609285","https://openalex.org/W3101677789","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3157386596","https://openalex.org/W4389665201","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6678856934","https://openalex.org/W6683411478","https://openalex.org/W6967100175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2334650942","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2972256598","https://openalex.org/W4388964477","https://openalex.org/W2092934514","https://openalex.org/W4388813151","https://openalex.org/W2610408157","https://openalex.org/W4221156520","https://openalex.org/W2099047584","https://openalex.org/W2612465689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"common":[1],"issue":[2],"of":[3,13,61,68,138,147,164],"object":[4,47,56,86,115,176,197],"detection":[5,57,87,116],"in":[6,15,37,88,182,191,201],"aerial":[7,89,158],"imagery":[8,90],"is":[9,23,151,170],"the":[10,18,42,69,78,101,108,135,142,148,173,183,194],"small":[11,55,70,85,114,139,165,175,196],"size":[12],"objects":[14,71,76,140],"proportion":[16],"to":[17,40,50,59,83,193],"overall":[19],"image":[20],"size.":[21],"This":[22,80],"mainly":[24,162],"caused":[25],"by":[26,91],"high":[27],"camera":[28],"altitude":[29],"and":[30,52,64,72,77,111,125,188],"wide-angle":[31],"lenses":[32],"that":[33,99,161,199],"are":[34,130],"commonly":[35],"used":[36],"drones":[38],"aimed":[39,132],"maximize":[41],"coverage.":[43],"State-of-the-art":[44],"general":[45],"purpose":[46],"detector":[48],"tend":[49],"under-perform":[51],"struggle":[53],"with":[54,118,172],"due":[58],"loss":[60],"spatial":[62],"features":[63],"weak":[65],"feature":[66,119,126,136],"representation":[67,137],"sheer":[73],"imbalance":[74],"between":[75],"background.":[79],"paper":[81],"aims":[82],"address":[84],"offering":[92],"a":[93],"Convolutional":[94],"Neural":[95],"Network":[96],"(CNN)":[97],"model":[98,150,169],"utilizes":[100],"Single":[102],"Shot":[103],"multi-box":[104],"Detector":[105],"(SSD)":[106],"as":[107],"baseline":[109],"network":[110],"extends":[112],"its":[113],"performance":[117,146],"enhancement":[120],"modules":[121,129],"including":[122,156],"super-resolution,":[123],"deconvolution":[124],"fusion.":[127],"These":[128],"collectively":[131],"at":[133,141],"improving":[134],"prediction":[143],"layer.":[144],"The":[145,167],"proposed":[149,168],"evaluated":[152],"using":[153],"three":[154],"datasets":[155,160],"two":[157],"images":[159],"consist":[163],"objects.":[166],"compared":[171],"state-of-the-art":[174,195],"detectors.":[177],"Experiment":[178],"results":[179],"demonstrate":[180],"improvements":[181],"mean":[184],"Absolute":[185],"Precision":[186],"(mAP)":[187],"Recall":[189],"values":[190],"comparison":[192],"detectors":[198],"investigated":[200],"this":[202],"study.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}