{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281647465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114036","title":"Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring of Buildings Using Spectral Clustering","display_name":"Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring of Buildings Using Spectral Clustering","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281647465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114036","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35684657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22114036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4036/pdf?version=1653884141","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4036/pdf?version=1653884141","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020290863","display_name":"Muzzamil Ghaffar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-7425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muzzamil Ghaffar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088725386","display_name":"Shakil R. Sheikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-0538"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shakil R. Sheikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-0538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073746669","display_name":"Noman Naseer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-6403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noman Naseer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-6403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053176757","display_name":"Zia Mohy Ud Din","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5756-7284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zia Mohy Ud Din","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070538772","display_name":"Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-5317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Zia Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-5317","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061147053","display_name":"Muhammad Naved","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I899713450","display_name":"Air University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yfe9v83","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Naved","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Air University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088725386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I899713450"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.8187,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67862072,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"11","first_page":"4036","last_page":"4036"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.982200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.7786425948143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6973147392272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-clustering","display_name":"Spectral clustering","score":0.6231502294540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.558444082736969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.544444739818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.4403618574142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.4343092441558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42582884430885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3907092213630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33834734559059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.12029662728309631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11731323599815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.07258960604667664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.7786425948143005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6973147392272949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105611402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2976589","display_name":"Spectral clustering","level":3,"score":0.6231502294540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.558444082736969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.544444739818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.4403618574142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.4343092441558838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42582884430885315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3907092213630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33834734559059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.12029662728309631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11731323599815369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.07258960604667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22114036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4036/pdf?version=1653884141","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35684657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35684657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9185269","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9185269","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:773f16214a464401a0f8cc53e3ddbfbc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/773f16214a464401a0f8cc53e3ddbfbc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 11, p 4036 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/11/4036/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 11; Pages: 4036","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22114036","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114036","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/11/4036/pdf?version=1653884141","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281647465.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281647465.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W178664605","https://openalex.org/W595547967","https://openalex.org/W1138573735","https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1980674035","https://openalex.org/W1982401327","https://openalex.org/W1985345651","https://openalex.org/W1993137812","https://openalex.org/W2045247177","https://openalex.org/W2053108004","https://openalex.org/W2068113158","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2141465109","https://openalex.org/W2161708246","https://openalex.org/W2180975645","https://openalex.org/W2237952612","https://openalex.org/W2255051834","https://openalex.org/W2281985329","https://openalex.org/W2340432652","https://openalex.org/W2515519620","https://openalex.org/W2523252861","https://openalex.org/W2534174629","https://openalex.org/W2554032856","https://openalex.org/W2559280146","https://openalex.org/W2576990528","https://openalex.org/W2595966354","https://openalex.org/W2605455986","https://openalex.org/W2741144289","https://openalex.org/W2748625139","https://openalex.org/W2755492127","https://openalex.org/W2761939153","https://openalex.org/W2796431263","https://openalex.org/W2891864814","https://openalex.org/W2908779501","https://openalex.org/W2912917389","https://openalex.org/W2923245709","https://openalex.org/W2942178783","https://openalex.org/W2943836050","https://openalex.org/W2948816168","https://openalex.org/W2968114889","https://openalex.org/W2990570129","https://openalex.org/W3003681456","https://openalex.org/W3008626953","https://openalex.org/W3012584474","https://openalex.org/W3015766084","https://openalex.org/W3037918171","https://openalex.org/W3080271920","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3119301484","https://openalex.org/W3128916140","https://openalex.org/W3155660003","https://openalex.org/W3188500017","https://openalex.org/W3200851321","https://openalex.org/W3203623310","https://openalex.org/W4226133876","https://openalex.org/W4240035482","https://openalex.org/W6627345084","https://openalex.org/W6633110253","https://openalex.org/W6680735885","https://openalex.org/W6734922023"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2804364458","https://openalex.org/W2132641928","https://openalex.org/W4310225030","https://openalex.org/W2090259340","https://openalex.org/W1926736923","https://openalex.org/W2158836806","https://openalex.org/W2393816671","https://openalex.org/W2083665254","https://openalex.org/W1482912984"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"widely":[1],"deployed":[2],"smart":[3],"meters,":[4],"non-intrusive":[5,36],"energy":[6,22,65,70],"measurements":[7],"have":[8],"become":[9],"feasible,":[10],"which":[11],"may":[12],"benefit":[13],"people":[14],"by":[15,40,100],"furnishing":[16],"a":[17,27,132],"better":[18],"understanding":[19],"of":[20,72,91,142,152,167],"appliance-level":[21],"consumption.":[23],"This":[24],"work":[25],"is":[26],"step":[28],"forward":[29],"in":[30],"using":[31,125],"graph":[32],"signal":[33],"processing":[34,178],"for":[35,61,187],"load":[37],"monitoring":[38],"(NILM)":[39],"proposing":[41],"two":[42,144,159],"novel":[43],"techniques:":[44],"the":[45,68,73,77,89,98,105,118,123,140,153,181],"spectral":[46,51,59],"cluster":[47,52,86,99],"mean":[48,103],"(SC-M)":[49],"and":[50,87,120,131,149,163,176],"eigenvector":[53,114],"(SC-EV)":[54],"methods.":[55],"These":[56],"methods":[57],"use":[58],"clustering":[60,76],"extracting":[62],"individual":[63],"appliance":[64],"usage":[66],"from":[67],"aggregate":[69],"profile":[71],"building.":[74],"After":[75],"data,":[78],"different":[79],"strategies":[80],"are":[81,136,161,184],"employed":[82],"to":[83,116,138],"identify":[84],"each":[85,92],"thus":[88],"state":[90],"device.":[93],"The":[94,109,146],"SC-M":[95],"method":[96,111],"identifies":[97],"comparing":[101],"its":[102,126],"with":[104,165],"devices'":[106],"pre-defined":[107],"profiles.":[108],"SC-EV":[110],"employs":[112],"an":[113],"resultant":[115],"locate":[117],"event":[119],"then":[121],"recognize":[122],"device":[124],"profile.":[127],"An":[128],"ideal":[129],"dataset":[130,135],"real-world":[133],"REFIT":[134],"used":[137],"test":[139],"performance":[141],"these":[143,158],"techniques.":[145],"f-measure":[147],"score":[148],"disaggregation":[150],"accuracy":[151],"proposed":[154,182],"techniques":[155,160,183],"demonstrate":[156],"that":[157],"competitive":[162],"viable,":[164],"advantages":[166],"low":[168],"complexity,":[169],"high":[170],"accuracy,":[171],"no":[172],"training":[173],"data":[174],"requirement,":[175],"fast":[177],"time.":[179],"Therefore,":[180],"suitable":[185],"candidates":[186],"NILM.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
