{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4280601167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103846","title":"Reliable Sarcoidosis Detection Using Chest X-rays with EfficientNets and Stain-Normalization Techniques","display_name":"Reliable Sarcoidosis Detection Using Chest X-rays with EfficientNets and Stain-Normalization Techniques","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4280601167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103846","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35632254"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22103846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103846","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/10/3846/pdf?version=1653181765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/10/3846/pdf?version=1653181765","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021472424","display_name":"Nadiah A. Baghdadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3264-0179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadiah Baghdadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nursing Management and Education Department, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3264-0179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nursing Management and Education Department, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022700854","display_name":"Ahmed S. Maklad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2201-7084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113643904","display_name":"Beni-Suef University","ror":"https://ror.org/05pn4yv70","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113643904"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Maklad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering in Yanbu, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia","Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suif 62521, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2201-7084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering in Yanbu, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suif 62521, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113643904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002819875","display_name":"Amer Malki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3894-3293"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amer Malki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering in Yanbu, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3894-3293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering in Yanbu, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041962112","display_name":"Mohanad A. Deif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-1480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089325","display_name":"Modern University for Information and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00746ch50","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089325"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohanad A. Deif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Bioelectronics, Modern University of Technology and Information (MTI University), Cairo 12055, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-1480","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioelectronics, Modern University of Technology and Information (MTI University), Cairo 12055, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089325"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022700854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113643904","https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":3.5184,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94482035,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"10","first_page":"3846","last_page":"3846"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11571","display_name":"Sarcoidosis and Beryllium Toxicity Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11571","display_name":"Sarcoidosis and Beryllium Toxicity Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11381","display_name":"Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sarcoidosis","display_name":"Sarcoidosis","score":0.8853228092193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stain","display_name":"Stain","score":0.8579989075660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8257004022598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.5636730194091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","score":0.4944462776184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulmonary-sarcoidosis","display_name":"Pulmonary sarcoidosis","score":0.45779305696487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biopsy","display_name":"Biopsy","score":0.4521976113319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.44619470834732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4202449917793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31094709038734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.27834299206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staining","display_name":"Staining","score":0.15218806266784668}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781301800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193894","display_name":"Sarcoidosis","level":2,"score":0.8853228092193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781294515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733470","display_name":"Stain","level":3,"score":0.8579989075660706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8257004022598267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5636730194091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.4944462776184082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018356953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193894","display_name":"Pulmonary sarcoidosis","level":3,"score":0.45779305696487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775934546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179991","display_name":"Biopsy","level":2,"score":0.4521976113319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.44619470834732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4202449917793274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31094709038734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.27834299206733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74864618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2332446","display_name":"Staining","level":2,"score":0.15218806266784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012507","descriptor_name":"Sarcoidosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012507","descriptor_name":"Sarcoidosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012507","descriptor_name":"Sarcoidosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012507","descriptor_name":"Sarcoidosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014376","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014965","descriptor_name":"X-Rays","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22103846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103846","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/10/3846/pdf?version=1653181765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35632254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35632254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:054e306ec0294a3eb8bd943148d6c190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/054e306ec0294a3eb8bd943148d6c190","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 10, p 3846 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/10/3846/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103846","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 10; Pages: 3846","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9144943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9144943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22103846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103846","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/10/3846/pdf?version=1653181765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6473202259","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2022R293","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280601167.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4280601167.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18897116","https://openalex.org/W1904878066","https://openalex.org/W1992978164","https://openalex.org/W1993138650","https://openalex.org/W2001921734","https://openalex.org/W2007031072","https://openalex.org/W2059862641","https://openalex.org/W2073486761","https://openalex.org/W2075640602","https://openalex.org/W2089278989","https://openalex.org/W2115597079","https://openalex.org/W2122313402","https://openalex.org/W2132162500","https://openalex.org/W2152385456","https://openalex.org/W2158575592","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2411848249","https://openalex.org/W2531789429","https://openalex.org/W2588006981","https://openalex.org/W2694523921","https://openalex.org/W2745075853","https://openalex.org/W2754689252","https://openalex.org/W2774788879","https://openalex.org/W2791556384","https://openalex.org/W2791930702","https://openalex.org/W2905090273","https://openalex.org/W2910742724","https://openalex.org/W2912055738","https://openalex.org/W2912529512","https://openalex.org/W2939788146","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2967018031","https://openalex.org/W2972609722","https://openalex.org/W2982533493","https://openalex.org/W2983410447","https://openalex.org/W2998881768","https://openalex.org/W3012134048","https://openalex.org/W3015922762","https://openalex.org/W3017309755","https://openalex.org/W3019899894","https://openalex.org/W3030350170","https://openalex.org/W3036276015","https://openalex.org/W3042866016","https://openalex.org/W3101824250","https://openalex.org/W3105809585","https://openalex.org/W3134767616","https://openalex.org/W3156464736","https://openalex.org/W3156906419","https://openalex.org/W3158421414","https://openalex.org/W3187058925","https://openalex.org/W3193396258","https://openalex.org/W3197549495","https://openalex.org/W3204647638","https://openalex.org/W3205027048","https://openalex.org/W4200392771","https://openalex.org/W4211032738","https://openalex.org/W4231906338","https://openalex.org/W4237627210","https://openalex.org/W4238865362","https://openalex.org/W6600773261","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6790984584"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2365585668","https://openalex.org/W2015963867","https://openalex.org/W2152247727","https://openalex.org/W2463630956","https://openalex.org/W1989521690","https://openalex.org/W4292779798","https://openalex.org/W3028680747","https://openalex.org/W2007729065","https://openalex.org/W4248320095","https://openalex.org/W2090367902"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sarcoidosis":[0],"is":[1,34],"frequently":[2],"misdiagnosed":[3],"as":[4],"tuberculosis":[5],"(TB)":[6],"and":[7,29,40,68,82,96,109,122,133,145,151,166,169],"consequently":[8],"mistreated":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,18,45,55,73],"inherent":[12],"limitations":[13],"in":[14,105,203],"radiological":[15],"presentations.":[16],"Clinically,":[17],"distinguish":[19],"sarcoidosis":[20,199],"from":[21,135],"TB,":[22],"physicians":[23],"usually":[24],"employ":[25],"biopsy":[26],"tissue":[27],"diagnosis":[28,53],"blood":[30],"tests;":[31],"this":[32],"approach":[33],"painful":[35],"for":[36,70,196],"patients,":[37],"time-consuming,":[38],"expensive,":[39],"relies":[41],"on":[42,90],"techniques":[43],"prone":[44],"human":[46],"error.":[47],"This":[48,59,102],"study":[49],"proposes":[50],"a":[51],"computer-aided":[52],"method":[54,60],"address":[56],"these":[57],"issues.":[58],"examines":[61],"seven":[62],"EfficientNet":[63,188],"designs":[64],"that":[65,179],"were":[66,92,159],"fine-tuned":[67],"compared":[69],"their":[71],"abilities":[72],"categorize":[74],"X-ray":[75,126,157,190],"images":[76,127,158],"into":[77],"three":[78],"categories:":[79],"normal,":[80],"TB-infected,":[81,121],"sarcoidosis-infected.":[83],"Furthermore,":[84],"the":[85,155,162,185],"effects":[86],"of":[87,117,148,187],"stain":[88,99,164,181],"normalization":[89,100,182],"performance":[91,186],"investigated":[93],"using":[94,130],"Reinhard's":[95],"Macenko's":[97,175],"conventional":[98],"procedures.":[101],"procedure":[103],"aids":[104],"improving":[106],"diagnostic":[107,113],"efficiency":[108],"accuracy":[110],"while":[111],"cutting":[112],"costs.":[114],"A":[115],"database":[116],"231":[118],"sarcoidosis-infected,":[119],"563":[120],"1010":[123],"normal":[124],"chest":[125],"was":[128],"created":[129],"public":[131],"databases":[132],"information":[134],"several":[136],"national":[137],"hospitals.":[138],"The":[139,193],"EfficientNet-B4":[140],"model":[141],"attained":[142],"accuracy,":[143],"sensitivity,":[144],"precision":[146],"rates":[147],"98.56%,":[149],"98.36%,":[150],"98.67%,":[152],"respectively,":[153,171],"when":[154,172],"training":[156],"normalized":[160,173],"by":[161,174],"Reinhard":[163,180],"approach,":[165],"97.21%,":[167],"96.9%,":[168],"97.11%,":[170],"approach.":[176],"Results":[177],"demonstrate":[178],"can":[183],"improve":[184],"-B4":[189],"image":[191],"classification.":[192],"proposed":[194],"framework":[195],"identifying":[197],"pulmonary":[198],"may":[200],"prove":[201],"valuable":[202],"clinical":[204],"use.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}