{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229058165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093518","title":"Design and Implementation of a Multi-Hop Real-Time LoRa Protocol for Dynamic LoRa Networks","display_name":"Design and Implementation of a Multi-Hop Real-Time LoRa Protocol for Dynamic LoRa Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229058165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093518","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35591207"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22093518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3518/pdf?version=1651972092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3518/pdf?version=1651972092","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031012560","display_name":"Huu Phi Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40542001","display_name":"University of Ulsan","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2f8975","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huu Phi Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-5022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065130405","display_name":"Woo-Sung Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-2721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woo-Sung Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-350, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2755-2721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-350, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058912147","display_name":"Dae-Seung Yoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4999-024X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dae-Seung Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-350, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-350, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000901456","display_name":"Hoon Oh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-4531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40542001","display_name":"University of Ulsan","ror":"https://ror.org/02c2f8975","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hoon Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000901456"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40542001"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.2087,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87768808,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"9","first_page":"3518","last_page":"3518"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9794999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7488279342651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7110975384712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6118420362472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hop","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","score":0.5754566192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.41192659735679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4099105894565582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38241440057754517}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7488279342651367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7110975384712219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6118420362472534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25906391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432381","display_name":"Hop (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5754566192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.41192659735679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4099105894565582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38241440057754517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22093518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3518/pdf?version=1651972092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35591207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35591207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e9dd1573d5624fcc9d08df294b11f33e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e9dd1573d5624fcc9d08df294b11f33e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 9, p 3518 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/9/3518/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 9; Pages: 3518","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9102278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9102278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22093518","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093518","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3518/pdf?version=1651972092","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4911109938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-0-00869","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229058165.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229058165.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1976306567","https://openalex.org/W2121084490","https://openalex.org/W2124651399","https://openalex.org/W2146971820","https://openalex.org/W2520480241","https://openalex.org/W2756782458","https://openalex.org/W2787401020","https://openalex.org/W2791233940","https://openalex.org/W2795262473","https://openalex.org/W2800297764","https://openalex.org/W2898664533","https://openalex.org/W2911373350","https://openalex.org/W2943535307","https://openalex.org/W2974562462","https://openalex.org/W2979511419","https://openalex.org/W3003338413","https://openalex.org/W3009348923","https://openalex.org/W3035780619","https://openalex.org/W3042013116","https://openalex.org/W3098579617","https://openalex.org/W4205516027","https://openalex.org/W4243081854","https://openalex.org/W6697523151"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117210722","https://openalex.org/W2589759689","https://openalex.org/W1978191894","https://openalex.org/W2018045843","https://openalex.org/W3125668480","https://openalex.org/W2032875422","https://openalex.org/W1999406711","https://openalex.org/W1989661137","https://openalex.org/W2896124450","https://openalex.org/W4243319602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"LoRa":[1,59,75,85,103],"(Long":[2],"Range)":[3],"technology":[4],"has":[5],"been":[6],"drawing":[7],"attention":[8],"in":[9,23,73,137,148],"various":[10,41,149],"applications":[11],"due":[12,39,46],"to":[13,40,47,89,154],"its":[14],"long":[15],"communication":[16],"range":[17],"and":[18,43,108,132,140,166,172],"high":[19,64,124,159],"link":[20,44],"reliability.":[21],"However,":[22],"industrial":[24],"environments,":[25],"these":[26],"advantages":[27],"are":[28],"often":[29],"compromised":[30],"by":[31,69,117],"factors":[32,72],"such":[33,97],"as":[34,98],"node":[35,176],"mobility,":[36],"signal":[37,49],"attenuation":[38],"obstacles,":[42],"instability":[45],"external":[48],"interference.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"a":[56],"new":[57],"multi-hop":[58,95,102],"protocol":[60,88,122,144],"that":[61,119],"can":[62],"provide":[63],"reliability":[65,125],"for":[66,129,169],"data":[67],"transmission":[68],"overcoming":[70],"those":[71],"dynamic":[74,94,105],"networks.":[76],"This":[77],"study":[78],"extends":[79],"the":[80,120],"previously":[81],"proposed":[82,121],"two-hop":[83],"real-time":[84,111],"(Two-Hop":[86],"RT-LoRa)":[87],"address":[90],"technical":[91],"aspects":[92],"of":[93,101,110,126,163],"networks,":[96,104],"automatic":[99],"configuration":[100],"topology":[106,138],"management,":[107],"updating":[109],"slot":[112],"schedules.":[113],"It":[114],"is":[115],"shown":[116],"simulation":[118],"achieves":[123],"over":[127,164],"97%":[128,165],"mobile":[130],"nodes":[131,171,174],"generates":[133],"low":[134],"control":[135],"overhead":[136],"management":[139],"schedule":[141],"updates.":[142],"The":[143],"was":[145],"also":[146],"evaluated":[147],"campus":[150],"deployment":[151],"scenarios.":[152],"According":[153],"experiments,":[155],"it":[156],"could":[157],"achieve":[158],"packet":[160],"delivery":[161],"rates":[162],"95%,":[167],"respectively,":[168],"1-hop":[170],"2-hop":[173],"against":[175],"mobility.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}