{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225310655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093446","title":"Electrocardiogram Biometrics Using Transformer\u2019s Self-Attention Mechanism for Sequence Pair Feature Extractor and Flexible Enrollment Scope Identification","display_name":"Electrocardiogram Biometrics Using Transformer\u2019s Self-Attention Mechanism for Sequence Pair Feature Extractor and Flexible Enrollment Scope Identification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225310655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093446","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35591136"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22093446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3446/pdf?version=1651828033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3446/pdf?version=1651828033","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043272830","display_name":"Kai Jye Chee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-3411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Jye Chee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, USM Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3989-3411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, USM Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052414097","display_name":"Dzati Athiar Ramli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-2895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dzati Athiar Ramli","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, USM Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-2895","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, USM Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052414097"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":2.7637,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91657088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"9","first_page":"3446","last_page":"3446"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9782000184059143,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8263235688209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extractor","display_name":"Extractor","score":0.7483916282653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scope","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","score":0.5409084558486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5301530957221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.504656195640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4693737030029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42259329557418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3118061423301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3066902756690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.11035868525505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10883507132530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.0946262776851654}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8263235688209534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.7483916282653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5409084558486938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5301530957221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.504656195640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4693737030029297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42259329557418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3118061423301697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3066902756690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.11035868525505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10883507132530212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0946262776851654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22093446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3446/pdf?version=1651828033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35591136","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35591136","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9100332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9100332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3405e6dc7a434275ae33e465bc5951bb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3405e6dc7a434275ae33e465bc5951bb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 9, p 3446 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/9/3446/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093446","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 9; Pages: 3446","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22093446","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093446","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/9/3446/pdf?version=1651828033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225310655.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4225310655.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002422013","https://openalex.org/W2007123640","https://openalex.org/W2116444583","https://openalex.org/W2134075215","https://openalex.org/W2134767360","https://openalex.org/W2154731305","https://openalex.org/W2161368845","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2170941890","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2186843572","https://openalex.org/W2268339064","https://openalex.org/W2318491720","https://openalex.org/W2527197720","https://openalex.org/W2584176887","https://openalex.org/W2591222944","https://openalex.org/W2620050178","https://openalex.org/W2621205740","https://openalex.org/W2704923930","https://openalex.org/W2750183885","https://openalex.org/W2775266440","https://openalex.org/W2779153559","https://openalex.org/W2792966170","https://openalex.org/W2794557162","https://openalex.org/W2795913243","https://openalex.org/W2796933088","https://openalex.org/W2883182249","https://openalex.org/W2917837129","https://openalex.org/W2962886405","https://openalex.org/W2992275121","https://openalex.org/W3000069883","https://openalex.org/W3004533406","https://openalex.org/W3005387090","https://openalex.org/W3009468606","https://openalex.org/W3027395290","https://openalex.org/W3037473497","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6679966323","https://openalex.org/W6682953061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4241523039","https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2360028903","https://openalex.org/W4280543773","https://openalex.org/W178231042","https://openalex.org/W2366083136","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2379932303","https://openalex.org/W2387622493","https://openalex.org/W2095239294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,85,125,177],"existing":[1],"electrocardiogram":[2],"(ECG)":[3],"biometrics":[4],"do":[5],"not":[6,21],"perform":[7],"well":[8],"when":[9,80,121],"ECG":[10,25,30,82,95,105,168],"changes":[11],"after":[12],"the":[13,17,39,69,73,111,114,123],"enrollment":[14,28,118],"phase":[15],"because":[16],"feature":[18,42],"extraction":[19],"is":[20,196],"able":[22],"to":[23,55,75,102,201],"relate":[24],"collected":[26,31],"during":[27,32],"and":[29,97,119,133,148,165,181,187],"classification.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"research,":[36],"we":[37],"propose":[38,67],"sequence":[40],"pair":[41,53,62],"extractor,":[43],"inspired":[44],"by":[45],"Bidirectional":[46],"Encoder":[47],"Representations":[48],"from":[49,93],"Transformers":[50],"(BERT)'s":[51],"sentence":[52],"task,":[54],"obtain":[56],"a":[57,61,173,191,197],"dynamic":[58],"representation":[59],"of":[60,63,72,113,145],"ECGs.":[64],"We":[65,109],"also":[66],"using":[68],"self-attention":[70],"mechanism":[71],"transformer":[74],"draw":[76],"an":[77],"inter-identity":[78],"relationship":[79],"performing":[81],"identification":[83,135,183],"tasks.":[84],"model":[86,126,178],"was":[87,100],"trained":[88],"once":[89],"with":[90],"datasets":[91],"built":[92],"10":[94],"databases,":[96],"then,":[98],"it":[99],"applied":[101],"six":[103],"other":[104],"databases":[106],"without":[107],"retraining.":[108],"emphasize":[110],"significance":[112],"time":[115,175,193],"separation":[116],"between":[117],"classification":[120],"presenting":[122],"results.":[124],"scored":[127,179],"96.20%,":[128],"100.0%,":[129],"99.91%,":[130],"96.09%,":[131],"96.35%,":[132],"98.10%":[134],"accuracy":[136,184],"on":[137,185],"MIT-BIH":[138,151,157],"Atrial":[139],"Fibrillation":[140],"Database":[141,155,160,163,169],"(AFDB),":[142],"Combined":[143],"measurement":[144],"ECG,":[146],"Breathing":[147],"Seismocardiograms":[149],"(CEBSDB),":[150],"Normal":[152],"Sinus":[153],"Rhythm":[154],"(NSRDB),":[156],"ST":[158],"Change":[159],"(STDB),":[161],"ECG-ID":[162],"(ECGIDDB),":[164],"PTB":[166],"Diagnostic":[167],"(PTBDB),":[170],"respectively,":[171,189],"over":[172,190],"short":[174],"separation.":[176],"92.70%":[180],"64.16%":[182],"ECGIDDB":[186],"PTBDB,":[188],"long":[192],"separation,":[194],"which":[195],"significant":[198],"improvement":[199],"compared":[200],"state-of-the-art":[202],"methods.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T07:12:00.856984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
