{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224049328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082912","title":"Determination of Traffic Lane in Tunnel and Positioning of Autonomous Vehicles Using Chromaticity of LED Lights","display_name":"Determination of Traffic Lane in Tunnel and Positioning of Autonomous Vehicles Using Chromaticity of LED Lights","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224049328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22082912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2912/pdf?version=1649729085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2912/pdf?version=1649729085","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087296490","display_name":"Joo Woo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joo Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089264960","display_name":"So-Hyeon Jo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"So-Hyeon Jo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010524430","display_name":"Gi\u2013Sig Byun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gi-Sig Byun","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335624","display_name":"Sun Young Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6189-0268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120158604","display_name":"Kunsan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj55q56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sun-Young Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Mechanical System Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6189-0268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Mechanical System Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087706091","display_name":"Seok-Geun Jee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120158604","display_name":"Kunsan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj55q56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seok-Geun Jee","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of IT, Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of IT, Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091611912","display_name":"Ju-Hyeon Seong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8198-0439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197867492","display_name":"Korea Maritime and Ocean University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v7y5b55","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ju-Hyeon Seong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Liberal Education & Interdisciplinary Major of Maritime AI Convergence, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8198-0439","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Liberal Education & Interdisciplinary Major of Maritime AI Convergence, Korea Maritime & Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197867492"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110787032","display_name":"Yeon-Man Jeong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133533813","display_name":"Gangneung\u2013Wonju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0461cvh40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133533813"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yeon-Man Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju 26403, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Wonju 26403, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133533813"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009815542","display_name":"Jae Hoon Jeong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6371-8007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120158604","display_name":"Kunsan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj55q56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jae-Hoon Jeong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of IT, Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of IT, Information and Control Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009815542","https://openalex.org/A5010524430","https://openalex.org/A5087706091","https://openalex.org/A5091611912","https://openalex.org/A5100335624","https://openalex.org/A5110787032"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604","https://openalex.org/I133533813","https://openalex.org/I197867492","https://openalex.org/I8991828"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.1568,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.42206441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"8","first_page":"2912","last_page":"2912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.9894999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromaticity","display_name":"Chromaticity","score":0.8758807182312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7010861039161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.6587314009666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5966236591339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5857728123664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5611579418182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5125668048858643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4782385230064392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.4712405800819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.41945379972457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23231831192970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10559254884719849}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201780734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5069880","display_name":"Chromaticity","level":2,"score":0.8758807182312012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7010861039161682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.6587314009666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5966236591339111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5857728123664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5611579418182373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5125668048858643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4782385230064392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.4712405800819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.41945379972457886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23231831192970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10559254884719849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22082912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2912/pdf?version=1649729085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a0c9ed38c8b423ba068df2f23d8a394","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9a0c9ed38c8b423ba068df2f23d8a394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 8, p 2912 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/8/2912/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 8; Pages: 2912","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9032005","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9032005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22082912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082912","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2912/pdf?version=1649729085","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224049328.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224049328.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191556242","https://openalex.org/W2022880751","https://openalex.org/W2065009488","https://openalex.org/W2094402651","https://openalex.org/W2568155028","https://openalex.org/W2588221994","https://openalex.org/W2600987196","https://openalex.org/W2604568220","https://openalex.org/W2946053061","https://openalex.org/W2966260520","https://openalex.org/W3093551387","https://openalex.org/W3176536168","https://openalex.org/W6607832741","https://openalex.org/W6656076875","https://openalex.org/W6735322444","https://openalex.org/W6766276055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3042617802","https://openalex.org/W2390565750","https://openalex.org/W4304143159","https://openalex.org/W2612049511","https://openalex.org/W2088117556","https://openalex.org/W2593280956","https://openalex.org/W2004312940","https://openalex.org/W1909961747","https://openalex.org/W1938318326","https://openalex.org/W1969479488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"the":[1,8,48,52,62,67,109,130,133,136,141,152,155,163,166,174],"location":[2,16],"recognition":[3],"and":[4,28,40,86,145,173],"positioning":[5,50,58,94],"system":[6],"are":[7,32],"essential":[9],"parts":[10],"of":[11,70,111,119,165,182],"unmanned":[12],"vehicles.":[13],"Among":[14],"them,":[15],"estimation":[17],"under":[18],"GPS-denied":[19],"environments":[20],"is":[21,149],"currently":[22],"being":[23],"studied":[24],"using":[25,80,116],"IMU,":[26],"Wi-Fi,":[27],"VLC,":[29],"but":[30],"there":[31],"problems":[33,90],"such":[34,91],"as":[35,92],"cumulative":[36],"errors,":[37],"hardware":[38],"complexity,":[39],"precision":[41],"positioning.":[42],"To":[43],"address":[44],"this":[45],"problem":[46],"with":[47,82,178],"current":[49],"system,":[51],"present":[53],"study":[54],"proposed":[55],"a":[56,98,159],"lane":[57,93,156],"technique":[59],"by":[60,122,129],"analyzing":[61],"chromaticity":[63,96,117],"coordinates,":[64],"judging":[65],"from":[66,95],"color":[68,84],"temperature":[69],"LED":[71,143],"lights":[72],"in":[73],"tunnels.":[74],"The":[75,125],"tunnel":[76,142],"environment":[77],"was":[78,105,169,176],"built":[79],"LEDs":[81],"three":[83],"temperatures,":[85],"to":[87,107],"solve":[88],"nonlinear":[89],"analysis,":[97],"single":[99,101],"input":[100],"output":[102],"fuzzy":[103,160,167],"algorithm":[104,168],"developed":[106],"estimate":[108],"position":[110,157],"an":[112,179],"object":[113],"on":[114,151],"lanes":[115],"values":[118],"signals":[120],"measured":[121,128],"RGB":[123,126],"sensors.":[124],"value":[127],"sensor":[131],"removes":[132],"disturbance":[134],"through":[135,158,171],"pre-processing":[137],"filter,":[138],"accepts":[139],"only":[140],"information,":[144],"estimates":[146],"where":[147],"it":[148],"located":[150],"x-distance":[153],"indicating":[154],"algorithm.":[161],"Finally,":[162],"performance":[164],"evaluated":[170],"experiments,":[172],"accuracy":[175],"shown":[177],"average":[180],"error":[181],"less":[183],"than":[184],"4.86%.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2022-04-19T00:00:00"}