{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4224235016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082852","title":"S-NER: A Concise and Efficient Span-Based Model for Named Entity Recognition","display_name":"S-NER: A Concise and Efficient Span-Based Model for Named Entity Recognition","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4224235016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082852","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35458837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22082852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082852","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2852/pdf?version=1649384452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2852/pdf?version=1649384452","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001459810","display_name":"Jie Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9912-2627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002881194","display_name":"Bin Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-5051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100376019","display_name":"Shasha Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6508-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shasha Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101997874","display_name":"Jun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2258-0854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100363590","display_name":"Huijun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-6973"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huijun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100641497","display_name":"Hao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4779-9353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100376019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.7599,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91433781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"8","first_page":"2852","last_page":"2852"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9603000283241272,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.9470208287239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crfs","display_name":"CRFS","score":0.8441094160079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7818535566329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditional-random-field","display_name":"Conditional random field","score":0.7459248900413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.683708906173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6574722528457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.6536115407943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6123436093330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5553167462348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.47363749146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.47228509187698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.43622609972953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.1076560914516449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.9470208287239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775953691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013874","display_name":"CRFS","level":3,"score":0.8441094160079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7818535566329956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.7459248900413513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.683708906173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6574722528457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.6536115407943726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6123436093330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5553167462348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.47363749146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.47228509187698364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.43622609972953796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.1076560914516449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012660","descriptor_name":"Semantics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22082852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082852","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2852/pdf?version=1649384452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35458837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35458837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:58aa05f958e740558c59f744a3e22710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/58aa05f958e740558c59f744a3e22710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 8, p 2852 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/8/2852/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22082852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 8; Pages: 2852","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9030542","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9030542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22082852","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22082852","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/8/2852/pdf?version=1649384452","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8901340350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1004502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224235016.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4224235016.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2626837907","https://openalex.org/W2757931374","https://openalex.org/W2757947833","https://openalex.org/W2759056771","https://openalex.org/W2763401128","https://openalex.org/W2799125718","https://openalex.org/W2893676516","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2907265599","https://openalex.org/W2935052563","https://openalex.org/W2946628371","https://openalex.org/W2949602493","https://openalex.org/W2951221758","https://openalex.org/W2963718112","https://openalex.org/W2970480111","https://openalex.org/W2970509139","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2974004142","https://openalex.org/W2984582583","https://openalex.org/W2987499785","https://openalex.org/W2998017003","https://openalex.org/W2998456908","https://openalex.org/W3034861800","https://openalex.org/W3035375600","https://openalex.org/W3043983603","https://openalex.org/W3084758521","https://openalex.org/W3101095342","https://openalex.org/W3103854939","https://openalex.org/W3104186312","https://openalex.org/W3105063288","https://openalex.org/W3114696828","https://openalex.org/W3120737131","https://openalex.org/W3163177512","https://openalex.org/W3167136668","https://openalex.org/W3173727191","https://openalex.org/W3176549752","https://openalex.org/W3176971429","https://openalex.org/W3196690920","https://openalex.org/W3200878005","https://openalex.org/W6763553721","https://openalex.org/W6770791583","https://openalex.org/W6772804104"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964783010","https://openalex.org/W2798423868","https://openalex.org/W4250494529","https://openalex.org/W2399696375","https://openalex.org/W2962906565","https://openalex.org/W189110383","https://openalex.org/W2132038179","https://openalex.org/W2167518204","https://openalex.org/W2027233318","https://openalex.org/W2062502130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Named":[0],"entity":[1,112],"recognition":[2],"(NER)":[3],"is":[4,16],"a":[5,17,20,56,81,129,143],"task":[6],"that":[7,162],"seeks":[8],"to":[9,51],"recognize":[10],"entities":[11],"in":[12,60,133,169],"raw":[13,91],"texts":[14,92],"and":[15,64,96,142],"precondition":[18],"for":[19,123],"series":[21],"of":[22,108,171,179],"downstream":[23],"NLP":[24],"tasks.":[25],"Traditionally,":[26],"prior":[27],"NER":[28,83],"models":[29,48],"use":[30],"the":[31,41,75,106,121,166,177],"sequence":[32],"labeling":[33],"mechanism":[34],"which":[35,119,134],"requires":[36],"label":[37,53,58,62,124],"dependency":[38],"captured":[39],"by":[40,110],"conditional":[42],"random":[43],"fields":[44],"(CRFs).":[45],"However,":[46],"these":[47],"are":[49],"prone":[50],"cascade":[52],"misclassifications":[54],"since":[55],"misclassified":[57],"results":[59,160],"incorrect":[61],"dependency,":[63],"so":[65],"some":[66],"following":[67],"labels":[68],"may":[69],"also":[70],"be":[71,86],"misclassified.":[72],"To":[73,85],"address":[74],"above":[76],"issue,":[77],"we":[78],"propose":[79],"S-NER,":[80],"span-based":[82],"model.":[84],"specific,":[87],"S-NER":[88,127,151,163],"first":[89],"splits":[90],"into":[93],"text":[94],"spans":[95,109],"regards":[97],"them":[98],"as":[99,139,146],"candidate":[100],"entities;":[101],"it":[102,135],"then":[103],"directly":[104,136],"obtains":[105],"types":[107],"conducting":[111],"type":[113],"classifications":[114],"on":[115,152],"span":[116],"semantic":[117],"representations,":[118],"eliminates":[120],"requirement":[122],"dependency.":[125],"Moreover,":[126],"has":[128],"concise":[130],"neural":[131],"architecture":[132],"uses":[137],"BERT":[138],"its":[140,147],"encoder":[141],"feed-forward":[144],"network":[145],"decoder.":[148],"We":[149],"evaluate":[150],"several":[153],"benchmark":[154],"datasets":[155],"across":[156],"three":[157],"domains.":[158],"Experimental":[159],"demonstrate":[161],"consistently":[164],"outperforms":[165],"strongest":[167],"baselines":[168],"terms":[170],"F1-score.":[172],"Extensive":[173],"analyses":[174],"further":[175],"confirm":[176],"efficacy":[178],"S-NER.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}