{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4223648835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072818","title":"Biased Pressure: Cyclic Reinforcement Learning Model for Intelligent Traffic Signal Control","display_name":"Biased Pressure: Cyclic Reinforcement Learning Model for Intelligent Traffic Signal Control","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4223648835","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072818","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2818/pdf?version=1649334805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2818/pdf?version=1649334805","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081917972","display_name":"Bunyodbek Ibrokhimov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7380-6916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bunyodbek Ibrokhimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Inha University, Inha-ro 100, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7380-6916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Inha University, Inha-ro 100, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764551","display_name":"Young-Joo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8342-0665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Young-Joo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113466617","display_name":"Sang-Gil Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191879574","display_name":"Inha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01easw929","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sanggil Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Inha University, Inha-ro 100, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Inha University, Inha-ro 100, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113466617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191879574"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8193,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84156536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"2818","last_page":"2818"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8472084999084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.7269654273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6832341551780701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6576051712036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","score":0.5411052703857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5124204754829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4625816345214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.45126840472221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4258386194705963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3737950325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22011220455169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16560453176498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.08756443858146667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8472084999084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.7269654273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6832341551780701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6576051712036133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5411052703857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5124204754829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4625816345214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.45126840472221375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4258386194705963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3737950325012207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22011220455169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16560453176498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.08756443858146667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2818/pdf?version=1649334805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35408431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408431","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8dc4c9962bb46bf878f0000ddaed1e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8dc4c9962bb46bf878f0000ddaed1e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 7, p 2818 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/7/2818/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072818","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 7; Pages: 2818","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9002556","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9002556","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072818","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072818","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2818/pdf?version=1649334805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223648835.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4223648835.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5525483","https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W109206320","https://openalex.org/W1516835682","https://openalex.org/W1639167632","https://openalex.org/W1869778509","https://openalex.org/W2007894170","https://openalex.org/W2021601458","https://openalex.org/W2022686149","https://openalex.org/W2031530760","https://openalex.org/W2053585062","https://openalex.org/W2074500080","https://openalex.org/W2078895652","https://openalex.org/W2082310090","https://openalex.org/W2088595989","https://openalex.org/W2119717200","https://openalex.org/W2122241715","https://openalex.org/W2124657875","https://openalex.org/W2131600418","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155027007","https://openalex.org/W2162578038","https://openalex.org/W2210077926","https://openalex.org/W2257979135","https://openalex.org/W2344786740","https://openalex.org/W2355559669","https://openalex.org/W2498017881","https://openalex.org/W2559108640","https://openalex.org/W2730137580","https://openalex.org/W2766381093","https://openalex.org/W2794842204","https://openalex.org/W2809148419","https://openalex.org/W2904730732","https://openalex.org/W2915117209","https://openalex.org/W2945991855","https://openalex.org/W2962977206","https://openalex.org/W2963027910","https://openalex.org/W2964749398","https://openalex.org/W2972050850","https://openalex.org/W2983178256","https://openalex.org/W2998187693","https://openalex.org/W3041511729","https://openalex.org/W3106357768","https://openalex.org/W4255461896","https://openalex.org/W6683195989","https://openalex.org/W6688475801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3125011624","https://openalex.org/W1508631387","https://openalex.org/W2370917603","https://openalex.org/W2952760143","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W2017776670","https://openalex.org/W2347897961","https://openalex.org/W2138720691"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"inefficient":[1],"traffic":[2,7,27,65,86],"signal":[3],"plans":[4],"are":[5],"causing":[6],"congestions":[8],"in":[9,29,122,176],"many":[10,16],"urban":[11],"areas.":[12],"In":[13,78],"recent":[14],"years,":[15],"deep":[17],"reinforcement":[18],"learning":[19,120],"(RL)":[20],"methods":[21,42,71,152,171],"have":[22],"been":[23],"proposed":[24,103,146],"to":[25,73,126,189],"control":[26,88,170],"signals":[28],"real-time":[30],"by":[31],"interacting":[32],"with":[33,90,150,172],"the":[34,52,127,145,166,191,194,198],"environment.":[35],"However,":[36],"most":[37],"of":[38,96,130,144,178,193],"existing":[39,70,167,199],"state-of-the-art":[40,117],"RL":[41],"use":[43,115],"complex":[44],"state":[45],"definition":[46],"and":[47,60,99,134,156,180],"reward":[48],"functions":[49],"and/or":[50],"neglect":[51],"real-world":[53,76,157],"constraints":[54],"such":[55],"as":[56],"cyclic":[57,168],"phase":[58,169],"order":[59],"minimum/maximum":[61],"duration":[62],"for":[63,75],"each":[64],"phase.":[66],"These":[67],"issues":[68],"make":[69],"infeasible":[72],"implement":[74],"applications.":[77],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81,137,185],"propose":[82],"an":[83],"RL-based":[84],"multi-intersection":[85],"light":[87],"model":[89,104],"a":[91,106,116,139,173],"simple":[92],"yet":[93],"effective":[94],"combination":[95],"state,":[97,132],"reward,":[98,133],"action":[100,135],"definitions.":[101],"The":[102,142],"uses":[105],"novel":[107],"pressure":[108,200],"method":[109,147,164,196],"called":[110],"Biased":[111],"Pressure":[112],"(BP).":[113],"We":[114],"advantage":[118],"actor-critic":[119],"mechanism":[121],"our":[123,131,163],"model.":[124,141],"Due":[125],"decentralized":[128],"nature":[129],"definitions,":[136],"achieve":[138],"scalable":[140],"performance":[143],"is":[148],"compared":[149],"related":[151],"using":[153],"both":[154],"synthetic":[155],"datasets.":[158],"Experimental":[159],"results":[160],"show":[161],"that":[162],"outperforms":[165],"significant":[174],"margin":[175],"terms":[177],"throughput":[179],"average":[181],"travel":[182],"time.":[183],"Moreover,":[184],"conduct":[186],"ablation":[187],"studies":[188],"justify":[190],"superiority":[192],"BP":[195],"over":[197],"methods.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
