{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220747451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072597","title":"MFDroid: A Stacking Ensemble Learning Framework for Android Malware Detection","display_name":"MFDroid: A Stacking Ensemble Learning Framework for Android Malware Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220747451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072597","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072597","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721480","display_name":"Xusheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-8705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xusheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647916","display_name":"Lin\u2010Lin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0509-1138"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linlin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012251323","display_name":"Kai Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-2312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015410772","display_name":"Xuhui Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhui Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020691201","display_name":"Mingming Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0920-5411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingming Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0920-5411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100647916"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.91,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95995328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"2597","last_page":"2597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9697999954223633,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.79869544506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7889044284820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.7234710454940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.7025405764579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opcode","display_name":"Opcode","score":0.6990136504173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permission","display_name":"Permission","score":0.6715664863586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.622451663017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5819625854492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.559877872467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.475192666053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4746031165122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.43439286947250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37529632449150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22908270359039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.19810324907302856}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.79869544506073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7889044284820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.7234710454940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.7025405764579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52173422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766483","display_name":"Opcode","level":2,"score":0.6990136504173279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779089604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169333","display_name":"Permission","level":2,"score":0.6715664863586426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.622451663017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5819625854492188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.559877872467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.475192666053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4746031165122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.43439286947250366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37529632449150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22908270359039307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.19810324907302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35408211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ef194686ed614d2583fcf275b4b548be","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ef194686ed614d2583fcf275b4b548be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 7, p 2597 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/7/2597/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 7; Pages: 2597","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9002842","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9002842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2398480082","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12061071","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2407313496","https://openalex.org/W2571682498","https://openalex.org/W2598193574","https://openalex.org/W2611461819","https://openalex.org/W2761574137","https://openalex.org/W2768348081","https://openalex.org/W2781346976","https://openalex.org/W2785531387","https://openalex.org/W2792310543","https://openalex.org/W2890864056","https://openalex.org/W2903488155","https://openalex.org/W2936813103","https://openalex.org/W2947576068","https://openalex.org/W2966634653","https://openalex.org/W2997690675","https://openalex.org/W3004549544","https://openalex.org/W3005303523","https://openalex.org/W3019514289","https://openalex.org/W3027678336","https://openalex.org/W3083703328","https://openalex.org/W3092817161","https://openalex.org/W3127643539","https://openalex.org/W3213404529","https://openalex.org/W3215024597","https://openalex.org/W4200247652","https://openalex.org/W6745609711","https://openalex.org/W6755083310"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W36091977","https://openalex.org/W2800331776","https://openalex.org/W4382794599","https://openalex.org/W2904470035","https://openalex.org/W2056388267","https://openalex.org/W2717179875","https://openalex.org/W4249118297","https://openalex.org/W2786416059","https://openalex.org/W3012517703","https://openalex.org/W3036603968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"Android":[1,9,49,59],"is":[2,11],"a":[3,5,17,89,108],"popular":[4],"mobile":[6],"operating":[7],"system,":[8],"malware":[10,50],"on":[12,54],"the":[13,26,31,37,80,99,104,112,116,123,127,129,144,152,181],"rise,":[14],"which":[15],"poses":[16],"great":[18],"threat":[19],"to":[20,70,87,97,110,142],"user":[21],"privacy":[22],"and":[23,36,75,77,102,121,148,167],"security.":[24],"Considering":[25],"poor":[27],"detection":[28,39,51],"effects":[29],"of":[30,41,82,118,131,140,154,175,183],"single":[32],"feature":[33,67,84,91,141],"selection":[34,68,85],"algorithm":[35,86],"low":[38],"efficiency":[40],"traditional":[42],"machine":[43],"learning":[44],"methods,":[45],"we":[46,64,94,136,157],"propose":[47],"an":[48],"framework":[52],"based":[53],"stacking":[55],"ensemble":[56],"learning-MFDroid-to":[57],"identify":[58,143],"malware.":[60],"In":[61,162,178],"this":[62,96,155],"paper,":[63,156],"used":[65,95],"seven":[66],"algorithms":[69],"select":[71],"permissions,":[72],"API":[73],"calls,":[74],"opcodes,":[76],"then":[78],"merged":[79],"results":[81],"each":[83,138],"obtain":[88,122],"new":[90],"set.":[92],"Subsequently,":[93],"train":[98],"base":[100,119],"learner,":[101],"set":[103],"logical":[105],"regression":[106],"as":[107],"meta-classifier,":[109],"learn":[111],"implicit":[113],"information":[114],"from":[115,197],"output":[117],"learners":[120],"classification":[124],"results.":[125],"After":[126],"evaluation,":[128],"F1-score":[130],"MFDroid":[132],"reached":[133],"96.0%.":[134],"Finally,":[135],"analyzed":[137],"type":[139],"differences":[145],"between":[146],"malicious":[147,165,195],"benign":[149,168,198],"applications.":[150,199],"At":[151],"end":[153],"present":[158],"some":[159],"general":[160],"conclusions.":[161],"recent":[163],"years,":[164],"applications":[166,169,196],"have":[170],"been":[171],"similar":[172],"in":[173],"terms":[174],"permission":[176],"requests.":[177],"other":[179],"words,":[180],"model":[182],"training,":[184],"only":[185],"with":[186],"permission,":[187],"can":[188],"no":[189],"longer":[190],"effectively":[191],"or":[192],"efficiently":[193],"distinguish":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
