{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220899830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072529","title":"Integrated IoT-Based Secure and Efficient Key Management Framework Using Hashgraphs for Autonomous Vehicles to Ensure Road Safety","display_name":"Integrated IoT-Based Secure and Efficient Key Management Framework Using Hashgraphs for Autonomous Vehicles to Ensure Road Safety","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220899830","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072529","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408144"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072529","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2529/pdf?version=1648205650","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2529/pdf?version=1648205650","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032295259","display_name":"Sudan Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0074-2584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48018076","display_name":"Christ University","ror":"https://ror.org/022tv9y30","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48018076"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudan Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Sciences, Christ (Deemed to be University), NCR-New Delhi Campus, Ghaziabad 201003, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0074-2584","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Sciences, Christ (Deemed to be University), NCR-New Delhi Campus, Ghaziabad 201003, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48018076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058777018","display_name":"Nishant Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2758-1215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishant Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Networking and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCSE), Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Networking and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCSE), Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010567355","display_name":"Deepak Prashar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-1115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Prashar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Networking and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCSE), Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8786-1115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Networking and Security, School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCSE), Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035299588","display_name":"Sultan Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-7974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-7974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000061018","display_name":"Bader Alouffi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-0940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bader Alouffi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-0940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010706593","display_name":"Abdullah Alharbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8617-1430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alharbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035299588"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":9.8759,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98095606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"2529","last_page":"2529"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9607999920845032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7171577215194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6797369718551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6189925670623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.612212061882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.5938165187835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.5363226532936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-management","display_name":"Key management","score":0.5008516311645508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-management","display_name":"Network management","score":0.46481403708457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3316192626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2386869192123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.14405182003974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.1382758617401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12952715158462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.12103578448295593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7171577215194702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6797369718551636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6189925670623779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.612212061882019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.5938165187835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.5363226532936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.5008516311645508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129763632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454667","display_name":"Network management","level":2,"score":0.46481403708457947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3316192626953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2386869192123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.14405182003974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1382758617401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12952715158462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.12103578448295593}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081186","descriptor_name":"Blockchain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072529","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2529/pdf?version=1648205650","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35408144","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:afaadc84fb69439aafa6d8b966e1cd21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/afaadc84fb69439aafa6d8b966e1cd21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 7, p 2529 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/7/2529/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072529","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 7; Pages: 2529","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9003233","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9003233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072529","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2529/pdf?version=1648205650","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299194679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8388568442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020/314","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220899830.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220899830.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181007853","https://openalex.org/W2019267322","https://openalex.org/W2342926214","https://openalex.org/W2345998899","https://openalex.org/W2599029774","https://openalex.org/W2734301966","https://openalex.org/W2749247755","https://openalex.org/W2800052234","https://openalex.org/W2809535845","https://openalex.org/W2883738719","https://openalex.org/W2912362256","https://openalex.org/W2918856356","https://openalex.org/W2921352626","https://openalex.org/W2941980679","https://openalex.org/W2955783928","https://openalex.org/W2956357919","https://openalex.org/W2993403916","https://openalex.org/W2998050305","https://openalex.org/W3003865108","https://openalex.org/W3005378045","https://openalex.org/W3016132187","https://openalex.org/W3034930144","https://openalex.org/W3036617119","https://openalex.org/W3084999539","https://openalex.org/W3097475179","https://openalex.org/W3099753023","https://openalex.org/W3104953546","https://openalex.org/W3199938152","https://openalex.org/W3210591575","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4236834124","https://openalex.org/W6602000011","https://openalex.org/W6607344191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2989851257","https://openalex.org/W3016961585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicles":[1,25,166,291],"offer":[2],"various":[3,18,103],"advantages":[4,272],"to":[5,48,60,69,211,256,270],"both":[6],"vehicle":[7],"owners":[8],"and":[9,68,110,248,315,322,337],"automobile":[10],"companies.":[11],"However,":[12,80,170],"despite":[13],"the":[14,62,71,74,126,130,181,189,207,228,237,241,244,263,267,271,290,302,330,333],"advantages,":[15],"there":[16,171],"are":[17,172,193,218,230],"risks":[19],"associated":[20],"with":[21,27,324],"these":[22,203],"vehicles.":[23,186],"These":[24],"interact":[26],"each":[28],"other":[29,325],"by":[30,274],"forming":[31],"a":[32,40,85,96,107,115,134,138,148,154,160,168,234,275,284,310],"vehicular":[33,63,97,135],"network,":[34,156],"also":[35,121,144],"known":[36],"as":[37,227],"VANET,":[38],"in":[39,56,91,95,124,133,146,167,206,261,294,339],"centralized":[41,44,86],"manner.":[42],"This":[43,118],"network":[45,64,87],"is":[46,78,88,120,205,292,299,320],"vulnerable":[47],"cyber-attacks":[49],"which":[50,157,258],"can":[51,143,158],"cause":[52],"data":[53,93,152,229],"loss,":[54],"resulting":[55],"road":[57],"accidents.":[58],"Thus,":[59],"prevent":[61,70],"from":[65,239],"being":[66,246],"attacked":[67],"privacy":[72,127],"of":[73,128,151,163,175,184,188,202,209,220,223,243,266,304,306,332],"data,":[75],"key":[76,81,112,140,279],"management":[77,82,113,141,280],"used.":[79],"alone":[83],"over":[84,114,153,195],"not":[89,251],"effective":[90,123],"ensuring":[92,125],"integrity":[94],"network.":[98,117,136,169],"To":[99],"resolve":[100],"this":[101,295],"issue,":[102],"studies":[104],"have":[105],"introduced":[106],"blockchain-based":[108,139,191],"approach":[109],"enabled":[111],"decentralized":[116],"technique":[119],"found":[122],"all":[129],"stakeholders":[131],"involved":[132],"Furthermore,":[137,233],"system":[142,319],"help":[145,260],"storing":[147],"large":[149],"amount":[150],"distributed":[155],"encourage":[159],"faster":[161],"exchange":[162],"information":[164],"between":[165,289],"certain":[173],"limitations":[174],"blockchain":[176],"technology":[177],"that":[178],"may":[179,259],"affect":[180],"efficient":[182],"working":[183],"autonomous":[185],"Most":[187],"existing":[190],"systems":[192,328],"implemented":[194],"Ethereum":[196],"or":[197],"Bitcoin.":[198],"The":[199,297,318],"transaction-processing":[200],"capability":[201],"blockchains":[204],"range":[208],"5":[210],"20":[212],"transactions":[213,224,245],"per":[214,225],"second,":[215],"whereas":[216],"hashgraphs":[217],"capable":[219],"processing":[221],"thousands":[222],"second":[226],"processed":[231],"exponentially.":[232],"hashgraph":[235,285],"prevents":[236],"user":[238],"altering":[240],"order":[242],"processed,":[247],"they":[249],"do":[250],"need":[252],"high":[253],"computational":[254],"powers":[255],"operate,":[257],"reducing":[262],"overall":[264],"cost":[265],"system.":[268],"Due":[269],"offered":[273],"hashgraph,":[276],"an":[277],"advanced":[278],"framework":[281,298],"based":[282,308],"on":[283,309,329],"for":[286],"secure":[287],"communication":[288],"suggested":[293],"paper.":[296],"developed":[300],"using":[301],"concept":[303],"Leaving":[305],"Vehicles":[307],"Logical":[311],"Key":[312],"Hierarchy":[313],"(LKH)":[314],"Batch":[316],"Rekeying.":[317],"tested":[321],"compared":[323],"closely":[326],"related":[327],"basis":[331],"transaction":[334],"compilation":[335],"time":[336],"change":[338],"traffic":[340],"rates.":[341]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
