{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220967927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072485","title":"Smart License Plate in Combination with Fluorescent Concentrator for Vehicular Visible Light Communication System","display_name":"Smart License Plate in Combination with Fluorescent Concentrator for Vehicular Visible Light Communication System","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220967927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072485","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072485","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2485/pdf?version=1648101130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2485/pdf?version=1648101130","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069081575","display_name":"Seoyeon Oh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seoyeon Oh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696640","display_name":"Yejin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-7766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yejin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032697501","display_name":"Minseok Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minseok Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049320667","display_name":"Seonghyeon Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9189-8546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seonghyeon Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003481811","display_name":"Sana Javed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-4570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Javed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2852-4570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006382091","display_name":"Hyunchae Chun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-4862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyunchae Chun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3907-4862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Telecommunication Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006382091"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.1874,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41731585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"2485","last_page":"2485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.6103153228759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-steering","display_name":"Beam steering","score":0.6046768426895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.5403985381126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.4976854622364044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/license","display_name":"License","score":0.46420058608055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4518246054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4485059976577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.43492555618286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentrator","display_name":"Concentrator","score":0.43391939997673035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.42599183320999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.41599780321121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.3964332342147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.389462411403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3727647364139557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3260645866394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2837284803390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2538890242576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11594897508621216}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.6103153228759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.6046768426895142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.5403985381126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.4976854622364044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780560020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79719","display_name":"License","level":2,"score":0.46420058608055115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4518246054649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4485059976577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.43492555618286133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15469602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783614","display_name":"Concentrator","level":2,"score":0.43391939997673035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42599183320999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.41599780321121216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.3964332342147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.389462411403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3727647364139557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3260645866394043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2837284803390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2538890242576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11594897508621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072485","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2485/pdf?version=1648101130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35408100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9003252","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9003252","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c767e5b9b5444d449150ed3684fbe42c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c767e5b9b5444d449150ed3684fbe42c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 7, p 2485 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/7/2485/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 7; Pages: 2485","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072485","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2485/pdf?version=1648101130","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321363","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220967927.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220967927.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572057304","https://openalex.org/W1966972516","https://openalex.org/W2109430601","https://openalex.org/W2177134671","https://openalex.org/W2465364069","https://openalex.org/W2975681312","https://openalex.org/W2979996755","https://openalex.org/W3039910155","https://openalex.org/W3044778743","https://openalex.org/W3116606426","https://openalex.org/W3166982373","https://openalex.org/W3179929581","https://openalex.org/W3180952260","https://openalex.org/W3193717437","https://openalex.org/W3214182945","https://openalex.org/W4200102218","https://openalex.org/W6685557681"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001881550","https://openalex.org/W4307466823","https://openalex.org/W4323644463","https://openalex.org/W174954854","https://openalex.org/W2374479570","https://openalex.org/W3212839496","https://openalex.org/W2031395914","https://openalex.org/W2362925333","https://openalex.org/W4405279163","https://openalex.org/W1487975641"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicle-to-vehicle":[0],"communication":[1,6,28],"based":[2],"on":[3],"visible":[4],"light":[5],"has":[7],"gained":[8],"much":[9],"attention.":[10],"This":[11],"work":[12],"proposes":[13],"a":[14,21,25,30,57,71],"smart":[15],"license":[16],"plate":[17],"receiver":[18],"incorporated":[19],"with":[20,29,70,91],"fluorescent":[22],"concentrator,":[23],"enabling":[24],"fast":[26],"vehicle-to-vehicle":[27],"large":[31],"field":[32],"of":[33,53,68,78],"view":[34],"and":[35,62,84],"high":[36],"optical":[37],"gain.":[38],"Communication":[39],"performance":[40],"is":[41,74,104],"experimentally":[42],"analyzed":[43],"using":[44],"off-the-shelf":[45],"light-emitting":[46],"diode-based":[47,60],"headlamps":[48,83],"for":[49],"low-latency":[50],"direct":[51],"line":[52],"sight":[54],"channel.":[55],"Additionally,":[56],"blue":[58],"laser":[59],"beam-steering":[61,89,102],"tracking":[63],"system,":[64],"through":[65,100],"image":[66],"processing":[67],"taillights":[69],"steerable":[72],"mirror,":[73],"investigated.":[75],"Data":[76],"rates":[77],"54":[79],"Mbps":[80,86],"from":[81,87],"the":[82,88,101],"532":[85],"channel":[90,103],"\u00b125\u00b0":[92],"are":[93],"demonstrated.":[94],"In":[95],"addition,":[96],"real-time":[97],"video":[98],"streaming":[99],"presented.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}