{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220671542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072450","title":"State-of-the-Art Review of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Applications for Railway Ballast Inspection","display_name":"State-of-the-Art Review of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Applications for Railway Ballast Inspection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220671542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072450","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072450","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2450/pdf?version=1648033527","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2450/pdf?version=1648033527","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101556742","display_name":"Shilei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3162-8231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141966","display_name":"China Academy of Railway Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051wv2j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shilei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075729927","display_name":"Guixian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4645-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141966","display_name":"China Academy of Railway Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051wv2j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guixian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050065499","display_name":"Guoqing Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-2229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqing Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036107833","display_name":"Qiankuan Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4823-3570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141966","display_name":"China Academy of Railway Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051wv2j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiankuan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036436723","display_name":"Hengbai Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141966","display_name":"China Academy of Railway Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/051wv2j09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hengbai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infrastructure Inspection Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033742520","display_name":"Yunlong Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-1833"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunlong Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4339-1833","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033742520"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":8.5047,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98678557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"7","first_page":"2450","last_page":"2450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballast","display_name":"Ballast","score":0.9742952585220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-penetrating-radar","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","score":0.9623868465423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5664474368095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fouling","display_name":"Fouling","score":0.49446725845336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.42918357253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.4138118624687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.3765689432621002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08815735578536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0872480571269989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.08108779788017273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125907379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4851537","display_name":"Ballast","level":2,"score":0.9742952585220337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71813955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503560","display_name":"Ground-penetrating radar","level":3,"score":0.9623868465423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5664474368095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115792997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1439803","display_name":"Fouling","level":3,"score":0.49446725845336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.42918357253074646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.4138118624687195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3765689432621002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08815735578536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0872480571269989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08108779788017273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011825","descriptor_name":"Radar","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072450","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2450/pdf?version=1648033527","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35408065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35408065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:31d434eee54a405f9239f7efd3492d29","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/31d434eee54a405f9239f7efd3492d29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 7, p 2450 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/7/2450/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22072450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 7; Pages: 2450","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9003199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9003199","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:eff7ab47-64cc-443b-9671-a639907d4a57","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:eff7ab47-64cc-443b-9671-a639907d4a57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400906","display_name":"Research Repository (Delft University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","host_organization_name":"Delft University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22072450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072450","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/7/2450/pdf?version=1648033527","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220671542.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220671542.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W163005183","https://openalex.org/W273069273","https://openalex.org/W582061520","https://openalex.org/W1491248340","https://openalex.org/W1542683232","https://openalex.org/W1557663179","https://openalex.org/W1558181787","https://openalex.org/W1702034730","https://openalex.org/W1802526147","https://openalex.org/W1964162941","https://openalex.org/W1966732442","https://openalex.org/W1978190785","https://openalex.org/W1980273755","https://openalex.org/W1983279697","https://openalex.org/W1988204205","https://openalex.org/W2004431634","https://openalex.org/W2024891525","https://openalex.org/W2029260845","https://openalex.org/W2032848030","https://openalex.org/W2035886108","https://openalex.org/W2037129762","https://openalex.org/W2039029971","https://openalex.org/W2039907725","https://openalex.org/W2040666371","https://openalex.org/W2041154953","https://openalex.org/W2042851130","https://openalex.org/W2045489495","https://openalex.org/W2058406867","https://openalex.org/W2077062628","https://openalex.org/W2080423482","https://openalex.org/W2081525222","https://openalex.org/W2086792727","https://openalex.org/W2093750186","https://openalex.org/W2102451823","https://openalex.org/W2103698921","https://openalex.org/W2105087619","https://openalex.org/W2105193135","https://openalex.org/W2117059841","https://openalex.org/W2118179191","https://openalex.org/W2118634349","https://openalex.org/W2120679796","https://openalex.org/W2123617671","https://openalex.org/W2129612765","https://openalex.org/W2130996920","https://openalex.org/W2131896515","https://openalex.org/W2134941671","https://openalex.org/W2140333081","https://openalex.org/W2154488338","https://openalex.org/W2270992723","https://openalex.org/W2338545449","https://openalex.org/W2346068609","https://openalex.org/W2468016995","https://openalex.org/W2471511719","https://openalex.org/W2475283618","https://openalex.org/W2515312256","https://openalex.org/W2528780140","https://openalex.org/W2576332177","https://openalex.org/W2593394148","https://openalex.org/W2598106310","https://openalex.org/W2601865691","https://openalex.org/W2605737497","https://openalex.org/W2743009735","https://openalex.org/W2746045339","https://openalex.org/W2759758289","https://openalex.org/W2763774323","https://openalex.org/W2774491809","https://openalex.org/W2779018630","https://openalex.org/W2790483218","https://openalex.org/W2791887634","https://openalex.org/W2887404165","https://openalex.org/W2907137325","https://openalex.org/W2908009528","https://openalex.org/W2912652605","https://openalex.org/W2914845919","https://openalex.org/W2918594213","https://openalex.org/W2944292998","https://openalex.org/W2944323442","https://openalex.org/W2957456716","https://openalex.org/W2975963006","https://openalex.org/W2982432489","https://openalex.org/W2992530706","https://openalex.org/W2998071426","https://openalex.org/W3004442040","https://openalex.org/W3008203671","https://openalex.org/W3009571191","https://openalex.org/W3010843388","https://openalex.org/W3038000857","https://openalex.org/W3039333751","https://openalex.org/W3049373134","https://openalex.org/W3082521518","https://openalex.org/W3112043586","https://openalex.org/W3123324511","https://openalex.org/W3125689932","https://openalex.org/W3144816753","https://openalex.org/W3156123310","https://openalex.org/W3172894524","https://openalex.org/W3177046660","https://openalex.org/W3198252000","https://openalex.org/W3202543431","https://openalex.org/W3205401571","https://openalex.org/W3207443862","https://openalex.org/W4207012508","https://openalex.org/W4223460314","https://openalex.org/W4245594534","https://openalex.org/W4254508956","https://openalex.org/W6630458063","https://openalex.org/W6670419718","https://openalex.org/W6704339368","https://openalex.org/W6728410946","https://openalex.org/W6771163470","https://openalex.org/W6792885956","https://openalex.org/W7026986429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229070643","https://openalex.org/W2111785328","https://openalex.org/W4223460314","https://openalex.org/W201953656","https://openalex.org/W2138862646","https://openalex.org/W572949826","https://openalex.org/W1974805003","https://openalex.org/W2328355892","https://openalex.org/W2509190965","https://openalex.org/W2957456716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,124],"the":[1,30,38,112,117,140],"past":[2],"20":[3],"years,":[4],"many":[5],"studies":[6,102,119],"have":[7],"been":[8],"performed":[9],"on":[10,103,139],"ballast":[11,31,47,72,107,132,154],"layer":[12,32,108,155],"inspection":[13],"and":[14,59,82,122,157],"condition":[15,33,109],"evaluation":[16,70,156],"with":[17,88,131],"ground":[18],"penetrating":[19],"radar":[20],"(GPR).":[21],"GPR":[22,44,62,80,86,104,113,129],"is":[23,148],"a":[24],"non-destructive":[25],"means":[26],"that":[27],"can":[28,144],"reflect":[29],"(fouling,":[34],"moisture)":[35],"by":[36],"analysing":[37],"received":[39],"signal":[40],"variation.":[41],"Even":[42],"though":[43],"detection/inspection":[45],"for":[46,71,106,150],"layers":[48],"has":[49],"become":[50],"mature,":[51],"some":[52],"challenges":[53],"still":[54],"need":[55],"to":[56,127],"be":[57,145],"stressed":[58],"solved,":[60],"e.g.,":[61],"indicator":[63],"(for":[64],"reflecting":[65],"fouling":[66,73,133],"level)":[67],"development,":[68],"quantitative":[69],"levels":[74],"under":[75],"diverse":[76],"field":[77],"conditions,":[78],"rapid":[79],"inspection,":[81],"combining":[83],"analysis":[84],"of":[85,153],"results":[87,130],"other":[89],"data":[90],"(e.g.,":[91],"track":[92],"stiffness,":[93],"rail":[94],"acceleration,":[95],"etc.).":[96],"Therefore,":[97],"this":[98],"paper":[99],"summarised":[100],"earlier":[101,118],"application":[105],"evaluation.":[110],"How":[111],"was":[114,120,135],"used":[115],"in":[116],"classified":[121],"discussed.":[123],"addition,":[125],"how":[126],"correlate":[128],"level":[134],"also":[136],"examined.":[137],"Based":[138],"summary,":[141],"future":[142],"developments":[143],"seen,":[146],"which":[147],"helpful":[149],"supplementing":[151],"standards":[152],"maintenance.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}