{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220851239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062294","title":"Combating Single-Frequency Jamming through a Multi-Frequency, Multi-Constellation Software Receiver: A Case Study for Maritime Navigation in the Gulf of Finland","display_name":"Combating Single-Frequency Jamming through a Multi-Frequency, Multi-Constellation Software Receiver: A Case Study for Maritime Navigation in the Gulf of Finland","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220851239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062294","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062294","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2294/pdf?version=1647424610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2294/pdf?version=1647424610","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033726383","display_name":"Saiful Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6658-3427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Saiful Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6658-3427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042861027","display_name":"M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3801-1018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Zahidul H. Bhuiyan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3801-1018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024229898","display_name":"Sarang Thombre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-5939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarang Thombre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland","u-blox Espoo Oy, 02600 Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5425-5939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"u-blox Espoo Oy, 02600 Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065743311","display_name":"Sanna Kaasalainen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6628-418X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33876163","display_name":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01zv3gf04","country_code":"FI","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanna Kaasalainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Finnish Geospatial Research Institute (FGI-NLS), 02430 Kirkkonummi, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033726383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33876163"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":7.8296,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96484473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"2294","last_page":"2294"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10159","display_name":"Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.9295339584350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.7447170615196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-navigation","display_name":"Satellite navigation","score":0.6149638891220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-augmentation","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","score":0.5810502767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5724506378173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galileo","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","score":0.560736358165741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5478522181510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5334084033966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.5314518213272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.45555007457733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.440920352935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3730890154838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.328309029340744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.253362238407135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07304155826568604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.9295339584350586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.7447170615196228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.6149638891220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.5810502767562866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5724506378173828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177219330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193902","display_name":"Galileo (satellite navigation)","level":2,"score":0.560736358165741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5478522181510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5334084033966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.5314518213272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.45555007457733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.440920352935791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3730890154838562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.328309029340744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.253362238407135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07304155826568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062294","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2294/pdf?version=1647424610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35336466","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf67c3e9a8004d668a949b6e13760057","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf67c3e9a8004d668a949b6e13760057","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 6, p 2294 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/341881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/341881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213322","display_name":"Ty\u00f6v\u00e4entutkimus Vuosikirja","issn_l":"0784-1272","issn":["0784-1272","1459-7780"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"A1 Alkuper\u00e4isartikkeli tieteellisess\u00e4 aikakauslehdess\u00e4"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/6/2294/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 6; Pages: 2294","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8951362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8951362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/224013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/224013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062294","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2294/pdf?version=1647424610","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8013427034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ESA Contract No. 4000122887/18/NL/DB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","funder_display_name":"European Space Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318240","display_name":"European Space Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03wd9za21"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220851239.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485246722","https://openalex.org/W1980722651","https://openalex.org/W2003621040","https://openalex.org/W2032613332","https://openalex.org/W2169687862","https://openalex.org/W2199883683","https://openalex.org/W2405781526","https://openalex.org/W2473406926","https://openalex.org/W2599142879","https://openalex.org/W2604099578","https://openalex.org/W2774364937","https://openalex.org/W2805588811","https://openalex.org/W2886766586","https://openalex.org/W2905414159","https://openalex.org/W2945391465","https://openalex.org/W3011399658","https://openalex.org/W3035695162","https://openalex.org/W3043493646","https://openalex.org/W6735577856"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358226434","https://openalex.org/W4399837273","https://openalex.org/W1476187229","https://openalex.org/W1645535579","https://openalex.org/W2348985031","https://openalex.org/W2044233107","https://openalex.org/W2072843607","https://openalex.org/W2111396174","https://openalex.org/W2326926914","https://openalex.org/W4407788424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"a":[1,47,69,81,108,119,156,174],"substantial":[2],"portion":[3],"of":[4,41,56,94,101,126,145,163,168],"global":[5],"trade":[6],"is":[7,32,44],"carried":[8],"by":[9],"sea.":[10],"Consequently,":[11],"the":[12,22,54,78,88,95,102,112,124,131,161,184],"reliance":[13],"on":[14,99,129],"Global":[15],"Navigation":[16],"Satellite":[17],"System":[18],"(GNSS)-based":[19],"navigation":[20,58],"in":[21,53,76,123,155,160,173],"oceans":[23],"and":[24,66,91,148,151],"inland":[25],"waterways":[26],"has":[27,177],"been":[28,179],"rapidly":[29],"growing.":[30],"GNSS":[31,62,104,171],"vulnerable":[33],"to":[34,45,59,68],"various":[35],"radio":[36],"frequency":[37],"interference.":[38],"The":[39,165],"objective":[40],"this":[42,138],"research":[43],"propose":[46],"resilient":[48,114],"Multi-Frequency,":[49],"Multi-Constellation":[50],"(MFMC)":[51],"receiver":[52,116],"context":[55],"maritime":[57,157,175],"identify":[60,87],"any":[61,100],"signal":[63,71],"jamming":[64,82,97,109,128],"incident":[65],"switch":[67],"jamming-free":[70],"immediately.":[72],"With":[73],"that":[74,85],"goal":[75],"mind,":[77],"authors":[79],"implemented":[80],"event":[83,98,110,125],"detector":[84],"can":[86],"start,":[89],"end,":[90],"total":[92],"duration":[93],"detected":[96],"impacted":[103],"signal(s).":[105],"By":[106],"utilizing":[107],"detector,":[111],"proposed":[113],"MFMC":[115],"indeed":[117],"provides":[118],"seamless":[120],"positioning":[121,142,166],"solution":[122],"single-frequency":[127],"either":[130],"lower":[132,169],"or":[133],"upper":[134],"L-band.":[135],"In":[136],"addition,":[137],"manuscript":[139],"also":[140],"contains":[141],"performance":[143,167],"analysis":[144],"GPS-L5-only,":[146],"Galileo-E5a-only,":[147],"Galileo-E5b-only":[149],"signals":[150,172],"their":[152],"multi-GNSS":[153],"combinations":[154],"operational":[158],"environment":[159,176],"Gulf":[162],"Finland.":[164],"L-band":[170],"not":[178],"thoroughly":[180],"investigated":[181],"as":[182],"per":[183],"authors'":[185],"knowledge.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
