{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220691289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062266","title":"Quantum Readout of Imperfect Classical Data","display_name":"Quantum Readout of Imperfect Classical Data","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220691289","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062266","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2266/pdf?version=1648001430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2266/pdf?version=1648001430","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011743987","display_name":"Giuseppe Ortolano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3288-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Ortolano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy","Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce, 10135 Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3288-2875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce, 10135 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058891504","display_name":"Ivano Ruo Berchera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-8866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136559","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica","ror":"https://ror.org/03vn1bh77","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104593","https://openalex.org/I4210136559","https://openalex.org/I4392021227"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivano Ruo-Berchera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce, 10135 Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-8866","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce, 10135 Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058891504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136559"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.6944,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74224546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"2266","last_page":"2266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.647107720375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.49820494651794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.4850468039512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.474314421415329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.47303861379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.469646155834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.46963071823120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-transmission","display_name":"Data transmission","score":0.44277745485305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.42658960819244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-data","display_name":"Digital data","score":0.4262908101081848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41376420855522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.24714165925979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23238497972488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16399812698364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.136377215385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11839792132377625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.647107720375061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.49820494651794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4850468039512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.474314421415329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.47303861379623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.469646155834198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.46963071823120117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.44277745485305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.42658960819244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778864079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173285","display_name":"Digital data","level":3,"score":0.4262908101081848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41376420855522156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.24714165925979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23238497972488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16399812698364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.136377215385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11839792132377625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2266/pdf?version=1648001430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35336438","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2202.01190","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2202.01190","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.01190","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e7eafa12686048759ef69a8808683677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e7eafa12686048759ef69a8808683677","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 6, p 2266 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.inrim.it:11696/74170","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11696/74170","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400708","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/6/2266/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 6; Pages: 2266","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8949242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8949242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062266","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2266/pdf?version=1648001430","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5680810776","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"862644","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7842005466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220691289.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220691289.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1872229852","https://openalex.org/W1970948459","https://openalex.org/W1971851949","https://openalex.org/W1980473219","https://openalex.org/W1981983416","https://openalex.org/W1982296531","https://openalex.org/W1983173896","https://openalex.org/W1999509003","https://openalex.org/W1999664967","https://openalex.org/W2031623682","https://openalex.org/W2032089656","https://openalex.org/W2038674186","https://openalex.org/W2055313553","https://openalex.org/W2070320789","https://openalex.org/W2085163160","https://openalex.org/W2088844049","https://openalex.org/W2132034515","https://openalex.org/W2132577827","https://openalex.org/W2142739935","https://openalex.org/W2154564336","https://openalex.org/W2240611604","https://openalex.org/W2267423514","https://openalex.org/W2276939091","https://openalex.org/W2299051329","https://openalex.org/W2560940965","https://openalex.org/W2588097305","https://openalex.org/W2616852463","https://openalex.org/W2764148918","https://openalex.org/W2766662452","https://openalex.org/W2792708841","https://openalex.org/W2900404755","https://openalex.org/W2905136851","https://openalex.org/W2962766821","https://openalex.org/W2963433960","https://openalex.org/W2963510921","https://openalex.org/W2990961515","https://openalex.org/W3004624833","https://openalex.org/W3005263105","https://openalex.org/W3017461806","https://openalex.org/W3022638146","https://openalex.org/W3027308602","https://openalex.org/W3033786898","https://openalex.org/W3033920317","https://openalex.org/W3046190833","https://openalex.org/W3088094860","https://openalex.org/W3099290264","https://openalex.org/W3099835323","https://openalex.org/W3100340960","https://openalex.org/W3103343243","https://openalex.org/W3105245648","https://openalex.org/W3105416598","https://openalex.org/W3105437944","https://openalex.org/W3105439835","https://openalex.org/W3121903849","https://openalex.org/W3123997335","https://openalex.org/W3196932920","https://openalex.org/W3213943817","https://openalex.org/W3216589001","https://openalex.org/W4205790316"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021059870","https://openalex.org/W2899091492","https://openalex.org/W262326447","https://openalex.org/W4231875799","https://openalex.org/W2437438731","https://openalex.org/W2809262714","https://openalex.org/W613705558","https://openalex.org/W3023420805","https://openalex.org/W2232857147","https://openalex.org/W2162464523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,138],"encoding":[1],"of":[2,16,24,31,40,45,58,78,80,83,96,115,118,135,164],"classical":[3],"data":[4,34],"in":[5,75,133,166,169],"a":[6,81,179],"physical":[7,41],"support":[8],"can":[9,35,175],"be":[10,176],"done":[11],"up":[12],"to":[13,19,92,128,150],"some":[14,29],"level":[15,104],"accuracy":[17,132],"due":[18],"errors":[20],"and":[21,60,121,146,152,171],"the":[22,25,32,46,71,94,102,113,119,130,173],"imperfection":[23],"writing":[26],"process.":[27],"Moreover,":[28],"degradation":[30],"stored":[33],"happen":[36],"over":[37],"time":[38],"because":[39],"or":[42],"chemical":[43],"instability":[44],"system.":[47],"Any":[48],"readout":[49,95,131],"strategy":[50,140],"should":[51],"take":[52],"into":[53],"account":[54],"this":[55,109,158],"natural":[56],"degree":[57],"uncertainty":[59],"minimize":[61],"its":[62],"effect.":[63],"An":[64],"example":[65],"are":[66,105],"optical":[67,99,153,156,181],"digital":[68],"memories,":[69,157],"where":[70,101],"information":[72,174],"is":[73,141,147],"encoded":[74],"two":[76,103],"values":[77],"reflectance":[79],"collection":[82],"cells.":[84],"Quantum":[85],"reading":[86],"using":[87],"entanglement,":[88],"has":[89],"been":[90],"shown":[91],"enhances":[93],"an":[97,123],"ideal":[98],"memory,":[100],"perfectly":[106],"characterized.":[107],"In":[108],"work,":[110],"we":[111],"analyse":[112],"case":[114],"imperfect":[116],"construction":[117],"memory":[120],"propose":[122],"optimized":[124],"quantum":[125],"sensing":[126],"protocol":[127],"maximize":[129],"presence":[134],"imprecise":[136],"writing.":[137],"proposed":[139],"feasible":[142],"with":[143],"current":[144],"technology":[145],"relatively":[148],"robust":[149],"detection":[151],"losses.":[154],"Beside":[155],"work":[159],"have":[160],"implications":[161],"for":[162],"identification":[163],"pattern":[165],"biological":[167],"system,":[168],"spectrophotometry,":[170],"whenever":[172],"extracted":[177],"from":[178],"transmission/reflection":[180],"measurement.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}