{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220770056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062164","title":"Human Gait Modeling, Prediction and Classification for Level Walking Using Harmonic Models Derived from a Single Thigh-Mounted IMU","display_name":"Human Gait Modeling, Prediction and Classification for Level Walking Using Harmonic Models Derived from a Single Thigh-Mounted IMU","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220770056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062164","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2164/pdf?version=1647258163","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2164/pdf?version=1647258163","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072023276","display_name":"Nimsiri Abhayasinghe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192365124","display_name":"Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00fhk4582","country_code":"LK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]}],"countries":["LK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nimsiri Abhayasinghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology, Malabe 10115, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083745045","display_name":"Iain Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-9624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","display_name":"Curtin University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iain Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1840-9624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072023276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192365124"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"fwci":0.3607,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47031328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"2164","last_page":"2164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stride","display_name":"STRIDE","score":0.8415158987045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.8039263486862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait","display_name":"Gait","score":0.6812698841094971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5269492268562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thigh","display_name":"Thigh","score":0.5117571353912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonic","display_name":"Harmonic","score":0.4946694076061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.4701041579246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gait-analysis","display_name":"Gait analysis","score":0.4493081569671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harmonics","display_name":"Harmonics","score":0.449106901884079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.43076157569885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadence","display_name":"Cadence","score":0.4200674891471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4050832688808441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3349872827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27424943447113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2599274516105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.251182496547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1666792631149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.15377166867256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10013094544410706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.058398663997650146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18007350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7394815","display_name":"STRIDE","level":2,"score":0.8415158987045288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.8039263486862183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151800584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370000","display_name":"Gait","level":2,"score":0.6812698841094971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5269492268562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779018429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129757","display_name":"Thigh","level":2,"score":0.5117571353912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.4946694076061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.4701041579246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173906292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1493441","display_name":"Gait analysis","level":3,"score":0.4493081569671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188414643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001183","display_name":"Harmonics","level":3,"score":0.449106901884079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.43076157569885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777125575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14088448","display_name":"Cadence","level":2,"score":0.4200674891471863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4050832688808441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3349872827529907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27424943447113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2599274516105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.251182496547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1666792631149292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.15377166867256165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10013094544410706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.058398663997650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000054","descriptor_name":"Acceleration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005528","descriptor_name":"Foot","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005528","descriptor_name":"Foot","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005528","descriptor_name":"Foot","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005684","descriptor_name":"Gait","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013848","descriptor_name":"Thigh","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013848","descriptor_name":"Thigh","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013848","descriptor_name":"Thigh","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2164/pdf?version=1647258163","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35336339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8952300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8952300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f09565bc1895412ba2d2de157ec910c7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f09565bc1895412ba2d2de157ec910c7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 6, p 2164 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:espace.curtin.edu.au:20.500.11937/88572","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/88572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401790","display_name":"eSpace (Curtin University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205640436","host_organization_name":"Curtin University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205640436"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2164/pdf?version=1647258163","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320987","display_name":"Curtin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02n415q13"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334705","display_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/011kf5r70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220770056.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220770056.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47772623","https://openalex.org/W1507712797","https://openalex.org/W1618913790","https://openalex.org/W1649579452","https://openalex.org/W1668431610","https://openalex.org/W1992589116","https://openalex.org/W1996348247","https://openalex.org/W1997288889","https://openalex.org/W2022840550","https://openalex.org/W2057304390","https://openalex.org/W2093025542","https://openalex.org/W2117188423","https://openalex.org/W2120302055","https://openalex.org/W2139601423","https://openalex.org/W2912975875","https://openalex.org/W3193894556","https://openalex.org/W3194198464","https://openalex.org/W6780440667","https://openalex.org/W6946299659","https://openalex.org/W6986343215"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4289538008","https://openalex.org/W3186427148","https://openalex.org/W2138282914","https://openalex.org/W2065850627","https://openalex.org/W2017012638","https://openalex.org/W2071885361","https://openalex.org/W1966793535","https://openalex.org/W1964447062","https://openalex.org/W2271839583","https://openalex.org/W2162224035"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,14,59,99],"majority":[1],"of":[2,17,73,102,117,128,155,189],"human":[3,33,177],"gait":[4,34,178],"modeling":[5,19,32],"is":[6,21],"based":[7,38],"on":[8,39],"hip,":[9],"foot":[10],"or":[11,151,192],"thigh":[12,60,129,190],"acceleration.":[13],"regeneration":[15,71,86],"accuracy":[16,72],"these":[18],"approaches":[20],"not":[22],"very":[23],"high.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"presents":[27],"a":[28,43,55,70,186,196],"harmonic":[29,104,126,144,187],"approach":[30],"to":[31,149,200],"during":[35],"level":[36,116,180],"walking":[37,156,181],"gyroscopic":[40],"signals":[41],"for":[42,95,134,170],"single":[44,56,197],"thigh-mounted":[45,57,198],"Inertial":[46],"Measurement":[47],"Unit":[48],"(IMU)":[49],"and":[50,77,125,131,158],"the":[51,96,103,110,153,159],"flexion-extension":[52],"derived":[53],"from":[54],"IMU.":[58],"angle":[61,130,191],"can":[62,88,106,146,182],"be":[63,89,107,147,168,183],"modeled":[64,184],"with":[65,69,91,113,185],"five":[66],"significant":[67,93],"harmonics,":[68],"over":[74],"0.999":[75],"correlation":[76],"less":[78],"than":[79,203],"0.5\u00b0":[80],"RMSE":[81],"per":[82],"stride":[83,111,123,136],"cycle.":[84],"Comparable":[85],"accuracies":[87,202],"achieved":[90],"nine":[92],"harmonics":[94],"gyro":[97,132,193],"signal.":[98],"fundamental":[100],"frequency":[101],"model":[105,188],"estimated":[108],"using":[109,195],"time,":[112],"an":[114],"error":[115],"0.0479%":[118],"(\u00b10.0029%).":[119],"Six":[120],"commonly":[121],"observed":[122],"patterns,":[124,137],"models":[127,145,165],"signal":[133],"those":[135],"are":[138,161],"presented":[139,162],"in":[140,179],"this":[141],"paper.":[142],"These":[143],"used":[148,169],"predict":[150],"classify":[152],"strides":[154],"trials,":[157],"results":[160],"herein.":[163],"Harmonic":[164],"may":[166],"also":[167],"activity":[171],"recognition.":[172],"It":[173],"has":[174],"shown":[175],"that":[176],"signal,":[194],"IMU,":[199],"higher":[201],"existing":[204],"techniques.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}