{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220969451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062121","title":"Application and Advances in Radiographic and Novel Technologies Used for Non-Intrusive Object Inspection","display_name":"Application and Advances in Radiographic and Novel Technologies Used for Non-Intrusive Object Inspection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220969451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062121","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336290"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2121/pdf?version=1646820985","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2121/pdf?version=1646820985","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061044821","display_name":"Dmytro Mamchur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2851-878X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095761","display_name":"Tur\u012bba University","ror":"https://ror.org/01hhj0x41","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095761"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164140","display_name":"Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05jv80548","country_code":"UA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164140"]}],"countries":["LV","UA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dmytro Mamchur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering and Electronics Department, Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, Pershotravneva 20, 39600 Kremenchuk, Ukraine","Information Technologies Department, Turiba University, Graudu Street 68, LV-1058 Riga, Latvia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering and Electronics Department, Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, Pershotravneva 20, 39600 Kremenchuk, Ukraine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164140"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technologies Department, Turiba University, Graudu Street 68, LV-1058 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095761"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068325372","display_name":"J\u0101nis Pek\u0161a","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4125-494X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201787326","display_name":"Riga Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00twb6c09","country_code":"LV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}],"countries":["LV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janis Peksa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology, Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology, Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, LV-1658 Riga, Latvia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201787326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084006208","display_name":"Soledad Le Clainche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3605-7351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soledad Le Clainche","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049616413","display_name":"Ricardo Vinuesa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6570-5499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Vinuesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["FLOW, Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FLOW, Engineering Mechanics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049616413","https://openalex.org/A5061044821"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095761","https://openalex.org/I4210164140","https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3034,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77021041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"6","first_page":"2121","last_page":"2121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11949","display_name":"Nuclear Physics and Applications","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6619160175323486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6538798809051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.49433350563049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4882845878601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering","display_name":"Systems engineering","score":0.4267652928829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4134725332260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.40902048349380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28781241178512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26898959279060364}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6619160175323486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6538798809051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49433350563049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4882845878601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.4267652928829193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4134725332260132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.40902048349380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28781241178512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26898959279060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011859","descriptor_name":"Radiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015374","descriptor_name":"Biosensing Techniques","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2121/pdf?version=1646820985","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35336290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35336290","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d4aa99c1e55249db85bea455d49edd1a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d4aa99c1e55249db85bea455d49edd1a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 6, p 2121 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/6/2121/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 6; Pages: 2121","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8954081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8954081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22062121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/6/2121/pdf?version=1646820985","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220969451.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220969451.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33441670","https://openalex.org/W167610629","https://openalex.org/W196774063","https://openalex.org/W207005441","https://openalex.org/W1163919076","https://openalex.org/W1581231885","https://openalex.org/W1616262590","https://openalex.org/W1651323188","https://openalex.org/W1810524289","https://openalex.org/W1828171994","https://openalex.org/W1966660236","https://openalex.org/W1971692947","https://openalex.org/W1974436493","https://openalex.org/W1980627576","https://openalex.org/W1980851776","https://openalex.org/W2000870343","https://openalex.org/W2002016471","https://openalex.org/W2005688621","https://openalex.org/W2013586450","https://openalex.org/W2022219606","https://openalex.org/W2031238274","https://openalex.org/W2031355772","https://openalex.org/W2032874576","https://openalex.org/W2035134340","https://openalex.org/W2041105792","https://openalex.org/W2044547900","https://openalex.org/W2046686913","https://openalex.org/W2048160248","https://openalex.org/W2076285411","https://openalex.org/W2079296123","https://openalex.org/W2084138072","https://openalex.org/W2096872848","https://openalex.org/W2101768706","https://openalex.org/W2116360511","https://openalex.org/W2118487679","https://openalex.org/W2120083842","https://openalex.org/W2120086178","https://openalex.org/W2137219628","https://openalex.org/W2139212933","https://openalex.org/W2140494000","https://openalex.org/W2159352298","https://openalex.org/W2183071627","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2222322256","https://openalex.org/W2271257426","https://openalex.org/W2349347074","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2463476105","https://openalex.org/W2473975791","https://openalex.org/W2482204222","https://openalex.org/W2505990019","https://openalex.org/W2508220198","https://openalex.org/W2518077139","https://openalex.org/W2557531728","https://openalex.org/W2579318141","https://openalex.org/W2585123518","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2609328942","https://openalex.org/W2734687659","https://openalex.org/W2742377189","https://openalex.org/W2762884446","https://openalex.org/W2766423310","https://openalex.org/W2770529222","https://openalex.org/W2772889552","https://openalex.org/W2783662494","https://openalex.org/W2784025535","https://openalex.org/W2798424376","https://openalex.org/W2809166736","https://openalex.org/W2883742137","https://openalex.org/W2886072822","https://openalex.org/W2889846135","https://openalex.org/W2901301822","https://openalex.org/W2908591785","https://openalex.org/W2909368910","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942837495","https://openalex.org/W2951279763","https://openalex.org/W2954103402","https://openalex.org/W2962907547","https://openalex.org/W2970316017","https://openalex.org/W2978592834","https://openalex.org/W2999618553","https://openalex.org/W3000603264","https://openalex.org/W3102431071","https://openalex.org/W3136255988","https://openalex.org/W3185689115","https://openalex.org/W3197659304","https://openalex.org/W3202099457","https://openalex.org/W3206302539","https://openalex.org/W3208493710","https://openalex.org/W4231766098","https://openalex.org/W4246719218","https://openalex.org/W4300852401","https://openalex.org/W4388297464","https://openalex.org/W6606828023","https://openalex.org/W6661847735","https://openalex.org/W6718743758"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898732673","https://openalex.org/W2410053581","https://openalex.org/W2383658677","https://openalex.org/W3123203398","https://openalex.org/W2737719445","https://openalex.org/W623104033","https://openalex.org/W1972473893","https://openalex.org/W2466435674","https://openalex.org/W2938786841","https://openalex.org/W2588268827"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Increase":[0],"in":[1,8,31,68],"trading":[2],"and":[3,15,55,65,73,77,86],"travelling":[4],"flows":[5],"has":[6],"resulted":[7],"the":[9,28,33,53,69,82,95,105],"need":[10],"for":[11,24,58],"non-intrusive":[12,59,98],"object":[13],"inspection":[14,42,60,99],"identification":[16],"methods.":[17],"Traditional":[18],"techniques":[19,57,119],"proved":[20],"to":[21,40],"be":[22,102],"effective":[23],"decades;":[25],"however,":[26],"with":[27,81,104,117],"latest":[29],"advances":[30],"technology,":[32],"intruder":[34],"can":[35],"implement":[36],"more":[37],"sophisticated":[38],"methods":[39],"bypass":[41],"points":[43],"control":[44],"techniques.":[45],"The":[46],"present":[47],"study":[48],"provides":[49],"an":[50],"overview":[51],"of":[52,84,97,108,111],"existing":[54],"developing":[56,74],"control,":[61],"current":[62],"research":[63],"trends,":[64],"future":[66],"challenges":[67],"field.":[70],"Both":[71],"traditional":[72,85,118],"methods,":[75],"techniques,":[76],"technologies":[78],"were":[79],"analyzed":[80],"use":[83,107],"novel":[87,109],"sensor":[88],"types.":[89],"Finally,":[90],"it":[91],"was":[92],"concluded":[93],"that":[94],"improvement":[96],"experience":[100],"could":[101],"gained":[103],"additional":[106],"types":[110],"sensors":[112],"(such":[113],"as":[114],"biosensors)":[115],"combined":[116],"(X-ray":[120],"inspection).":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}