{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214695971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051840","title":"Improving Wearable-Based Activity Recognition Using Image Representations","display_name":"Improving Wearable-Based Activity Recognition Using Image Representations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214695971","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051840","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35270985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22051840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051840","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1840/pdf?version=1646038335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1840/pdf?version=1646038335","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048186891","display_name":"Alejandro S\u00e1nchez Guinea","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1860-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Sanchez Guinea","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065887699","display_name":"Mehran Sarabchian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9472-5034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehran Sarabchian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9472-5034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021712397","display_name":"Max M\u00fchlh\u00e4user","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-5327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","ror":"https://ror.org/05n911h24","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max M\u00fchlh\u00e4user","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048186891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":1931,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2082},"fwci":0.5688,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61426404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"1840","last_page":"1840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12740","display_name":"Gait Recognition and Analysis","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8023384213447571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7479680776596069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7387404441833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7176832556724548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6781608462333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.6585403680801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5804848670959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5607859492301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.55450838804245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.5356831550598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5262547731399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4933129847049713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.35372310876846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3372949957847595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08522027730941772}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8023384213447571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7479680776596069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7387404441833496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7176832556724548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6781608462333679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.6585403680801392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5804848670959473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5607859492301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.55450838804245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.5356831550598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5262547731399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4933129847049713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.35372310876846313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3372949957847595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08522027730941772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22051840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051840","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1840/pdf?version=1646038335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35270985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35270985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:21490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401590","display_name":"Technischen Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:50bd9df085244c47ba49dd36f05830ed","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/50bd9df085244c47ba49dd36f05830ed","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 5, p 1840 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/5/1840/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 5; Pages: 1840","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8914937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8914937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:132850","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/21490","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Artikel"},{"id":"pmh:oai:tubiblio.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de:133963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196390","display_name":"TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31512782","host_organization_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31512782"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Artikel"},{"id":"doi:10.26083/tuprints-00021490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.26083/tuprints-00021490","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22051840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051840","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1840/pdf?version=1646038335","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214695971.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214695971.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1966986089","https://openalex.org/W2002261403","https://openalex.org/W2012557818","https://openalex.org/W2017634428","https://openalex.org/W2073401630","https://openalex.org/W2101713460","https://openalex.org/W2128026023","https://openalex.org/W2128892560","https://openalex.org/W2148857358","https://openalex.org/W2243012843","https://openalex.org/W2259263553","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2288074780","https://openalex.org/W2342792048","https://openalex.org/W2344284192","https://openalex.org/W2488907440","https://openalex.org/W2551239383","https://openalex.org/W2604630936","https://openalex.org/W2759690896","https://openalex.org/W2767979715","https://openalex.org/W2781486669","https://openalex.org/W2869166307","https://openalex.org/W2884780389","https://openalex.org/W2894702700","https://openalex.org/W2897077592","https://openalex.org/W2908279927","https://openalex.org/W2910121883","https://openalex.org/W2942586591","https://openalex.org/W2946273500","https://openalex.org/W2948204427","https://openalex.org/W2954621027","https://openalex.org/W2963304300","https://openalex.org/W2964762837","https://openalex.org/W2965144482","https://openalex.org/W2972118594","https://openalex.org/W3011785450","https://openalex.org/W3012475342","https://openalex.org/W3027810862","https://openalex.org/W3034583105","https://openalex.org/W3100321043","https://openalex.org/W3114473259","https://openalex.org/W3170375704","https://openalex.org/W3179266940","https://openalex.org/W3199601920","https://openalex.org/W3208133533","https://openalex.org/W6745081244","https://openalex.org/W6757987930","https://openalex.org/W6766470598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W972276598","https://openalex.org/W3105278570","https://openalex.org/W2117913171","https://openalex.org/W2582769230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Activity":[0],"recognition":[1],"based":[2,25,181],"on":[3,26,52,182],"inertial":[4,109],"sensors":[5,110],"is":[6,169,192],"an":[7,103,147],"essential":[8],"task":[9,23],"in":[10,21,47,98,117,160,178],"mobile":[11],"and":[12,85,91,140,197],"ubiquitous":[13],"computing.":[14],"To":[15,94],"date,":[16],"the":[17,31,34,53,56,108,157,173,176,201],"best":[18],"performing":[19],"approaches":[20,35,61],"this":[22,48,96,99],"are":[24,155,186],"deep":[27,66,134,206],"learning":[28,67,135,207],"models.":[29,208],"Although":[30],"performance":[32],"of":[33,42,55,58,79,175,203],"has":[36],"been":[37],"increasingly":[38],"improving,":[39],"a":[40,77,126,189],"number":[41],"issues":[43],"still":[44],"remain.":[45],"Specifically,":[46],"paper":[49,100],"we":[50,101],"focus":[51],"issue":[54],"dependence":[57],"today's":[59],"state-of-the-art":[60],"to":[62,129,171,194],"complex":[63,131,205],"ad":[64,132],"hoc":[65,133],"convolutional":[68],"neural":[69,73],"networks":[70,74],"(CNNs),":[71],"recurrent":[72],"(RNNs),":[75],"or":[76],"combination":[78],"both,":[80],"which":[81],"require":[82],"specialized":[83],"knowledge":[84],"considerable":[86],"effort":[87],"for":[88,142],"their":[89],"construction":[90],"optimal":[92],"tuning.":[93],"address":[95],"issue,":[97],"propose":[102],"approach":[104,168],"that":[105,115,137,154,166,185,191],"automatically":[106],"transforms":[107],"time-series":[111],"data":[112],"into":[113],"images":[114],"represent":[116],"pixel":[118],"form":[119],"patterns":[120],"found":[121],"over":[122],"time,":[123],"allowing":[124],"even":[125],"simple":[127],"CNN":[128],"outperform":[130,172],"models":[136],"combine":[138],"RNNs":[139],"CNNs":[141],"activity":[143,161],"recognition.":[144,162],"We":[145],"conducted":[146],"extensive":[148],"evaluation":[149],"considering":[150],"seven":[151],"benchmark":[152],"datasets":[153],"among":[156],"most":[158],"relevant":[159],"Our":[163],"results":[164],"demonstrate":[165],"our":[167],"able":[170],"state":[174],"art":[177],"all":[179],"cases,":[180],"image":[183],"representations":[184],"generated":[187],"through":[188],"process":[190],"easy":[193],"implement,":[195],"modify,":[196],"extend":[198],"further,":[199],"without":[200],"need":[202],"developing":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2022-03-02T00:00:00"}