{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214680394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051836","title":"Characterization of English Braille Patterns Using Automated Tools and RICA Based Feature Extraction Methods","display_name":"Characterization of English Braille Patterns Using Automated Tools and RICA Based Feature Extraction Methods","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214680394","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051836","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35270980"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22051836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1836/pdf?version=1646026632","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1836/pdf?version=1646026632","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015798966","display_name":"Sana Shokat","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146840658","display_name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/015566d55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sana Shokat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016894055","display_name":"Rabia Riaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7154-0926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146840658","display_name":"University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir","ror":"https://ror.org/015566d55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rabia Riaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7154-0926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and IT, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146840658"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000580164","display_name":"Sanam Shahla Rizvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-3250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104778","display_name":"Education Labour Relations Council","ror":"https://ror.org/01606az08","country_code":"ZA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104778"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanam Shahla Rizvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Raptor Interactive (Pty) Ltd., Eco Boulevard, Witch Hazel Ave, Centurion 0157, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-3250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Raptor Interactive (Pty) Ltd., Eco Boulevard, Witch Hazel Ave, Centurion 0157, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067743408","display_name":"Inayat Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-9665"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Inayat Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Buner, Buner 19290, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-9665","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Buner, Buner 19290, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103095309","display_name":"Anand Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0737-2021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31419693","display_name":"Kyungpook National University","ror":"https://ror.org/040c17130","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anand Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0737-2021","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103095309"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31419693"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8929,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84958779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"1836","last_page":"1836"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9692999720573425,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/braille","display_name":"Braille","score":0.9023284316062927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7453127503395081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6973465085029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6742113828659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5433827042579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5103849768638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5018680095672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.49282148480415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-nearest-neighbors-algorithm","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","score":0.477236270904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4755099415779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.4747526943683624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-rate","display_name":"False positive rate","score":0.4202459156513214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34644824266433716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778802812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79894","display_name":"Braille","level":2,"score":0.9023284316062927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7453127503395081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6973465085029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6742113828659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5433827042579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5103849768638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5018680095672607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.49282148480415344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113238511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071612","display_name":"k-nearest neighbors algorithm","level":2,"score":0.477236270904541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4755099415779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.4747526943683624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95922358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5432725","display_name":"False positive rate","level":2,"score":0.4202459156513214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34644824266433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011237","descriptor_name":"Predictive Value of Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011932","descriptor_name":"Reading","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22051836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1836/pdf?version=1646026632","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35270980","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35270980","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0deb790f849645809b85f15c04fdb357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0deb790f849645809b85f15c04fdb357","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 5, p 1836 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/5/1836/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051836","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 5; Pages: 1836","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8915038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8915038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22051836","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051836","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/5/1836/pdf?version=1646026632","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7558388333","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2C1012196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876742239","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1A2C1012196","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214680394.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214680394.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104847522","https://openalex.org/W121978518","https://openalex.org/W186835057","https://openalex.org/W1189435706","https://openalex.org/W1512520584","https://openalex.org/W1574196079","https://openalex.org/W1617349329","https://openalex.org/W1881906689","https://openalex.org/W1983293333","https://openalex.org/W1985222096","https://openalex.org/W1988320949","https://openalex.org/W2059329006","https://openalex.org/W2071454400","https://openalex.org/W2074575118","https://openalex.org/W2083455456","https://openalex.org/W2112274848","https://openalex.org/W2120480077","https://openalex.org/W2122348545","https://openalex.org/W2123649031","https://openalex.org/W2162931300","https://openalex.org/W2273623482","https://openalex.org/W2500796452","https://openalex.org/W2505796503","https://openalex.org/W2510571307","https://openalex.org/W2544986537","https://openalex.org/W2586821431","https://openalex.org/W2592635712","https://openalex.org/W2593471464","https://openalex.org/W2611577320","https://openalex.org/W2626622020","https://openalex.org/W2726091402","https://openalex.org/W2757216779","https://openalex.org/W2766159873","https://openalex.org/W2769364377","https://openalex.org/W2771877839","https://openalex.org/W2810029448","https://openalex.org/W2888950149","https://openalex.org/W2908545706","https://openalex.org/W2929687159","https://openalex.org/W2932049044","https://openalex.org/W2932276385","https://openalex.org/W2940511651","https://openalex.org/W2953750278","https://openalex.org/W2976388333","https://openalex.org/W2981791979","https://openalex.org/W2987092173","https://openalex.org/W3008143116","https://openalex.org/W3016633695","https://openalex.org/W3031409582","https://openalex.org/W3037273311","https://openalex.org/W3087177938","https://openalex.org/W3099965153","https://openalex.org/W3109413225","https://openalex.org/W3128910312","https://openalex.org/W3135387830","https://openalex.org/W3196842124","https://openalex.org/W4232690931","https://openalex.org/W4299951465","https://openalex.org/W4362726225","https://openalex.org/W6606718958","https://openalex.org/W6647304724","https://openalex.org/W6745298512","https://openalex.org/W6760729327","https://openalex.org/W6761074019","https://openalex.org/W6770201441","https://openalex.org/W6785319814","https://openalex.org/W6801303913"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525606688","https://openalex.org/W2113415290","https://openalex.org/W2805875310","https://openalex.org/W2626963359","https://openalex.org/W2056248531","https://openalex.org/W3203015479","https://openalex.org/W2787678320","https://openalex.org/W2415514194","https://openalex.org/W2080561562","https://openalex.org/W2044571730"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Braille":[0,18,28,40,44,86,136],"is":[1,19],"used":[2,96,134,164],"as":[3,74],"a":[4,50],"mode":[5],"of":[6,57,208],"communication":[7],"all":[8],"over":[9],"the":[10,16,38,58,67,108,156,166,191,206,209],"world.":[11],"Technological":[12],"advancements":[13],"are":[14],"transforming":[15],"way":[17],"read":[20],"and":[21,79,118,128,148,196],"written.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"developed":[25],"an":[26],"English":[27,39,43,87,138],"pattern":[29],"identification":[30],"system":[31],"using":[32,37,49,84,155],"robust":[33],"machine":[34],"learning":[35],"techniques":[36],"Grade-1":[41,45],"dataset.":[42,110],"dataset":[46,68],"was":[47,69,95,201],"collected":[48],"touchscreen":[51],"device":[52],"from":[53],"visually":[54],"impaired":[55],"students":[56],"National":[59],"Special":[60],"Education":[61],"School":[62],"Muzaffarabad.":[63],"For":[64],"better":[65,151],"visualization,":[66],"divided":[70],"into":[71],"two":[72],"classes":[73],"class":[75,80],"1":[76],"(1-13)":[77],"(a-m)":[78],"2":[81],"(14-26)":[82],"(n-z)":[83],"26":[85],"characters.":[88],"A":[89,198],"position-free":[90],"braille":[91],"text":[92],"entry":[93],"method":[94],"to":[97,137,142,204],"generate":[98],"synthetic":[99],"data.":[100],"N":[101],"=":[102],"2512":[103],"cases":[104],"were":[105,133,153,165],"included":[106],"in":[107],"final":[109],"Support":[111],"Vector":[112],"Machine":[113],"(SVM),":[114],"Decision":[115],"Trees":[116],"(DT)":[117],"K-Nearest":[119],"Neighbor":[120],"(KNN)":[121],"with":[122],"Reconstruction":[123],"Independent":[124],"Component":[125],"Analysis":[126],"(RICA)":[127],"PCA-based":[129],"feature":[130,158],"extraction":[131,159],"methods":[132],"for":[135],"character":[139],"recognition.":[140],"Compared":[141],"PCA,":[143],"Random":[144],"Forest":[145],"(RF)":[146],"algorithm":[147],"Sequential":[149],"methods,":[150],"results":[152],"achieved":[154],"RICA-based":[157],"method.":[160],"The":[161],"evaluation":[162],"metrics":[163],"True":[167,171],"Positive":[168,175,184],"Rate":[169,173,185],"(TPR),":[170],"Negative":[172,179],"(TNR),":[174],"Predictive":[176,180],"Value":[177,181],"(PPV),":[178],"(NPV),":[182],"False":[183],"(FPR),":[186],"Total":[187],"Accuracy,":[188],"Area":[189],"Under":[190],"Receiver":[192],"Operating":[193],"Curve":[194],"(AUC)":[195],"F1-Score.":[197],"statistical":[199],"test":[200],"also":[202],"performed":[203],"justify":[205],"significance":[207],"results.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}