{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4212868239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041435","title":"HRGAN: A Generative Adversarial Network Producing Higher-Resolution Images than Training Sets","display_name":"HRGAN: A Generative Adversarial Network Producing Higher-Resolution Images than Training Sets","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4212868239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041435","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214337"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041435","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1435/pdf?version=1645155461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1435/pdf?version=1645155461","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091798738","display_name":"Minyoung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0843-3655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minyoung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0843-3655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101544150","display_name":"Minhyeok Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-172X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Minhyeok Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2562-172X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016364680","display_name":"Sungwook Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-5211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sungwook Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-5211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016364680","https://openalex.org/A5101544150"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.4682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82602003,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"1435","last_page":"1435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7739168405532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.6667675971984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6419724822044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.6294249892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resolution","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","score":0.5989352464675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5942075252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5124228596687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49672991037368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.43747612833976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4212527871131897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7739168405532837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.6667675971984863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6419724822044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.6294249892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138268822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051925","display_name":"Resolution (logic)","level":2,"score":0.5989352464675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5942075252532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5124228596687317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49672991037368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.43747612833976746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4212527871131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041435","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1435/pdf?version=1645155461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35214337","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a72049ba604b4e3885be57b26f1a4ad2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a72049ba604b4e3885be57b26f1a4ad2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 4, p 1435 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/4/1435/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041435","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 4; Pages: 1435","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8877944","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8877944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041435","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041435","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1435/pdf?version=1645155461","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3039539432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2020R1F1A1073479","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8397094700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2021R1F1A1050977","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321202","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4212868239.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2548275288","https://openalex.org/W2727849499","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2785678896","https://openalex.org/W2808566494","https://openalex.org/W2893749619","https://openalex.org/W2963372104","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2964328732","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6729110096","https://openalex.org/W6762585180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2380075625","https://openalex.org/W4386984417","https://openalex.org/W2888032422","https://openalex.org/W2996316059","https://openalex.org/W4377980832","https://openalex.org/W3005996785","https://openalex.org/W2897769091","https://openalex.org/W2845413374","https://openalex.org/W4297411772","https://openalex.org/W4235873501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,65],"generative":[1],"adversarial":[2],"network":[3,62],"(GAN)":[4],"has":[5],"demonstrated":[6],"superb":[7],"performance":[8],"in":[9,13,17,47,145,161],"generating":[10,168,193],"synthetic":[11],"images":[12,28,36,100,116,132],"recent":[14],"studies.":[15],"However,":[16],"the":[18,23,32,41,83,89,92,98,108,127,148,153,162,186,190],"conventional":[19,154],"framework":[20,58],"of":[21,26,34,91,117,131,133,147,152,177,192],"GAN,":[22],"maximum":[24],"resolution":[25,33,69,172,195],"generated":[27,99],"is":[29,94],"limited":[30],"to":[31,49,77,96,101,156],"real":[35],"that":[37],"are":[38],"used":[39],"as":[40],"training":[42,90,128,197],"set.":[43],"In":[44,105,138],"this":[45,51],"paper,":[46],"order":[48],"address":[50],"limitation,":[52],"we":[53],"propose":[54],"a":[55,60,166],"novel":[56],"GAN":[57,70],"using":[59,82],"pre-trained":[61],"called":[63],"evaluator.":[64],"proposed":[66,187],"model,":[67],"higher":[68,79,194],"(HRGAN),":[71],"employs":[72],"additional":[73,86],"up-sampling":[74],"convolutional":[75],"layers":[76],"generate":[78],"resolution.":[80,137],"Then,":[81],"evaluator,":[84],"an":[85,174,180],"target":[87],"for":[88],"generator":[93],"introduced":[95],"calibrate":[97],"have":[102],"realistic":[103],"features.":[104],"experiments":[106],"with":[107,164],"CIFAR-10":[109],"and":[110,121],"CIFAR-100":[111],"datasets,":[112],"HRGAN":[113,140,167,188],"successfully":[114],"generates":[115],"64":[118,120],"\u00d7":[119,123,135,170],"128":[122,124,169,171],"resolutions,":[125],"while":[126],"sets":[129],"consist":[130],"32":[134,136],"addition,":[139],"outperforms":[141],"other":[142],"existing":[143,181],"models":[144],"terms":[146],"Inception":[149,175],"score,":[150],"one":[151],"methods":[155],"evaluate":[157],"GANs.":[158],"For":[159],"instance,":[160],"experiment":[163],"CIFAR-10,":[165],"demonstrates":[173,189],"score":[176],"12.32,":[178],"outperforming":[179],"model":[182],"by":[183],"28.6%.":[184],"Thus,":[185],"possibility":[191],"than":[196],"images.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}