{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213315016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041429","title":"Cross Encoder-Decoder Transformer with Global-Local Visual Extractor for Medical Image Captioning","display_name":"Cross Encoder-Decoder Transformer with Global-Local Visual Extractor for Medical Image Captioning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213315016","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041429","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214330"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1429/pdf?version=1644889356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1429/pdf?version=1644889356","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014492610","display_name":"Hojun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5082-425X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hojun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076971145","display_name":"Hyunjun Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1080-9394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunjun Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100734342","display_name":"Jieun Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jieun Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014628834","display_name":"Jinyeong Chae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-9889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinyeong Chae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea","Okestro Ltd., Seoul 07326, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Okestro Ltd., Seoul 07326, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080664764","display_name":"Jihie Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2358-4021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jihie Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080664764"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":2.3433,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89668194,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"1429","last_page":"1429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.726891040802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.7088564038276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-captioning","display_name":"Closed captioning","score":0.6700803637504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6275364756584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5270134210586548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5259590148925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4142880141735077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3380718231201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.33403825759887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1384265124797821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10724514722824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.08401599526405334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.726891040802002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.7088564038276672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157657479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2367247","display_name":"Closed captioning","level":3,"score":0.6700803637504578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6275364756584167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5270134210586548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5259590148925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4142880141735077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3380718231201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33403825759887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1384265124797821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10724514722824097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.08401599526405334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011211","descriptor_name":"Electric Power Supplies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1429/pdf?version=1644889356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35214330","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214330","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:04b970dd6f314f269a9796220032b5e0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/04b970dd6f314f269a9796220032b5e0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 4, p 1429 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/4/1429/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 4; Pages: 1429","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8874388","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8874388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041429","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1429/pdf?version=1644889356","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1739134435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G291359628","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016-0-00017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4004058771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-2020-0-01789","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4390609270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-2020-0-01789","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4700831490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6072120315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G933357098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2022-2020-0-01789","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","funder_display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324891","display_name":"Iran Telecommunication Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01a3g2z22"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213315016.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213315016.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2152772232","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2770165365","https://openalex.org/W2903721568","https://openalex.org/W2949167374","https://openalex.org/W2964195337","https://openalex.org/W2981165461","https://openalex.org/W3034655362","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3104609094","https://openalex.org/W3174377922","https://openalex.org/W3175824375"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310447809","https://openalex.org/W4200243030","https://openalex.org/W2800782462","https://openalex.org/W3209117276","https://openalex.org/W4388184981","https://openalex.org/W4323777661","https://openalex.org/W3164229987","https://openalex.org/W3215212336","https://openalex.org/W4290852288","https://openalex.org/W3217388757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer-based":[0],"approaches":[1,12],"have":[2,13],"shown":[3],"good":[4],"results":[5],"in":[6,16,169,174,179],"image":[7,34],"captioning":[8,35],"tasks.":[9],"However,":[10],"current":[11],"a":[14,100,113,139],"limitation":[15],"generating":[17,32],"text":[18],"from":[19,78,99],"global":[20,47,71],"features":[21,48,62,73,94,119],"of":[22,85,116],"an":[23,79,108],"entire":[24,80],"image.":[25],"Therefore,":[26],"we":[27],"propose":[28],"novel":[29],"methods":[30],"for":[31,58],"better":[33,160],"as":[36,83,104,142],"follows:":[37],"(1)":[38],"The":[39,53,148],"Global-Local":[40],"Visual":[41],"Extractor":[42],"(GLVE)":[43],"to":[44,134],"capture":[45],"both":[46,122],"and":[49,124,137,145,158,176],"local":[50,92,101],"features.":[51],"(2)":[52],"Cross":[54],"Encoder-Decoder":[55],"Transformer":[56],"(CEDT)":[57],"injecting":[59,121],"multiple-level":[60],"encoder":[61,126],"into":[63,128],"the":[64,117,129,154,163],"decoding":[65],"process.":[66],"GLVE":[67],"extracts":[68],"not":[69],"only":[70],"visual":[72,93],"that":[74,95],"can":[75,96,111],"be":[76,97],"obtained":[77],"image,":[81,109],"such":[82,103,141],"size":[84,144],"organ":[86,143],"or":[87],"bone":[88,146],"structure,":[89],"but":[90],"also":[91],"generated":[98],"region,":[102],"lesion":[105],"area.":[106],"Given":[107],"CEDT":[110],"create":[112],"detailed":[114],"description":[115,140],"overall":[118],"by":[120,167,172,177],"low-level":[123],"high-level":[125],"outputs":[127],"decoder.":[130],"Each":[131],"method":[132],"contributes":[133],"performance":[135,161],"improvement":[136],"generates":[138],"structure.":[147],"proposed":[149],"model":[150],"was":[151],"evaluated":[152],"on":[153],"IU":[155],"X-ray":[156],"dataset":[157],"achieved":[159],"than":[162],"transformer-based":[164],"baseline":[165],"results,":[166],"5.6%":[168],"BLEU":[170],"score,":[171],"0.56%":[173],"METEOR,":[175],"1.98%":[178],"ROUGE-L.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}