{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4211010714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041370","title":"Automatic Detection of Real Damage in Operating Tie-Rods","display_name":"Automatic Detection of Real Damage in Operating Tie-Rods","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4211010714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041370","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041370","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1370/pdf?version=1645159841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1370/pdf?version=1645159841","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039054289","display_name":"Francescantonio Luc\u00e0","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6390-3704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francescantonio Luc\u00e0","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037087115","display_name":"Stefano Manzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9240-5472"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Manzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049637533","display_name":"Alfredo Cigada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6861-8374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfredo Cigada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068620707","display_name":"Silvia Barella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1866-6674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Barella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062082414","display_name":"Andrea Gruttadauria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9074-0958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Gruttadauria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010251560","display_name":"F. Cerutti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-6223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Cerutti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano-Department of Mechanical Engineering, Via La Masa, 20156 Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039054289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1461,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7396712,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"4","first_page":"1370","last_page":"1370"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11850","display_name":"Concrete Corrosion and Durability","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":0.8531864881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6066595911979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-health-monitoring","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","score":0.6047584414482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.5534404516220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.4788498878479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-monitoring","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","score":0.44111502170562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3811919093132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3633362054824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3425406217575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28710994124412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28606581687927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.23581215739250183}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.8531864881515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6066595911979675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776247918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423713","display_name":"Structural health monitoring","level":2,"score":0.6047584414482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.5534404516220093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.4788498878479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776902269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165493","display_name":"Continuous monitoring","level":2,"score":0.44111502170562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3811919093132019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3633362054824829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3425406217575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28710994124412537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28606581687927246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.23581215739250183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014732","descriptor_name":"Vibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014732","descriptor_name":"Vibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014732","descriptor_name":"Vibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041370","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1370/pdf?version=1645159841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35214270","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35214270","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4f5a83a75ea9445cb3bdcde0e57f0013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4f5a83a75ea9445cb3bdcde0e57f0013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 4, p 1370 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/4/1370/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 4; Pages: 1370","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8962974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8962974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1202493","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1202493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22041370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041370","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1370/pdf?version=1645159841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211010714.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4211010714.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982709198","https://openalex.org/W1989898472","https://openalex.org/W1998742785","https://openalex.org/W2024991751","https://openalex.org/W2027566931","https://openalex.org/W2029065715","https://openalex.org/W2031460510","https://openalex.org/W2035652711","https://openalex.org/W2039991882","https://openalex.org/W2045831595","https://openalex.org/W2068900193","https://openalex.org/W2108587916","https://openalex.org/W2130175225","https://openalex.org/W2132006552","https://openalex.org/W2137690751","https://openalex.org/W2140096691","https://openalex.org/W2147926935","https://openalex.org/W2150869884","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2331207552","https://openalex.org/W2491471302","https://openalex.org/W2594647952","https://openalex.org/W2770265749","https://openalex.org/W2778199868","https://openalex.org/W2794289247","https://openalex.org/W2810189742","https://openalex.org/W2908625589","https://openalex.org/W2912707851","https://openalex.org/W2964551149","https://openalex.org/W3004900496","https://openalex.org/W3088634102","https://openalex.org/W3113270599","https://openalex.org/W3155007679","https://openalex.org/W3173511902","https://openalex.org/W3208341470","https://openalex.org/W3211323433","https://openalex.org/W4234149911","https://openalex.org/W4235292672","https://openalex.org/W4244748642","https://openalex.org/W4255258167","https://openalex.org/W6679288961"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382795578","https://openalex.org/W4386482528","https://openalex.org/W2499612753","https://openalex.org/W3182289794","https://openalex.org/W3111802945","https://openalex.org/W2946096271","https://openalex.org/W2295423552","https://openalex.org/W3107369729","https://openalex.org/W579004727","https://openalex.org/W2803866184"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"researchers":[1],"have":[2,24,35],"proposed":[3,22,157],"vibration-based":[4],"damage-detection":[5,132],"approaches":[6],"for":[7,165],"continuous":[8],"structural":[9,140],"health":[10,141],"monitoring.":[11],"Translation":[12],"to":[13,38,62,67,139,163],"real":[14,43,47,126,170],"applications":[15],"is":[16],"not":[17,36,56],"always":[18],"straightforward":[19],"because":[20],"the":[21,90,121,129,136,153,155,166,178],"methods":[23],"mostly":[25],"been":[26],"developed":[27],"and":[28,33,52,78,106],"validated":[29,144],"in":[30,41,49,70,125,135,145,158],"controlled":[31,146],"environments,":[32],"they":[34],"proven":[37],"be":[39,81],"effective":[40],"detecting":[42],"damage":[44,69,100,150,171],"when":[45],"considering":[46,148],"scenarios":[48],"which":[50],"environmental":[51],"operational":[53],"variations":[54],"are":[55],"controlled.":[57],"This":[58,93],"work":[59],"was":[60,95,161],"aimed":[61],"develop":[63],"a":[64,99,108,174],"fully-automated":[65],"strategy":[66,94,110],"detect":[68],"operating":[71],"tie-rods":[72],"that":[73,79,111],"only":[74],"requires":[75],"one":[76],"sensor":[77],"can":[80],"carried":[82],"out":[83],"without":[84],"knowledge":[85],"of":[86,116,131,169,180],"physical":[87],"variables,":[88],"e.g.,":[89],"axial":[91],"load.":[92],"created":[96],"by":[97],"defining":[98],"feature":[101],"based":[102,119],"on":[103,120],"tie-rod":[104],"eigenfrequencies":[105],"developing":[107],"data-cleansing":[109],"could":[112],"significantly":[113],"improve":[114],"performance":[115],"outlier":[117],"detection":[118,168],"Mahalanobis":[122],"squared":[123],"distance":[124],"applications.":[127],"Additionally,":[128],"majority":[130],"algorithms":[133],"presented":[134],"literature":[137],"related":[138],"monitoring":[142],"were":[143],"environments":[147],"simulated":[149],"conditions.":[151],"On":[152],"contrary,":[154],"approach":[156],"this":[159],"paper":[160],"shown":[162],"allow":[164],"early":[167],"associated":[172],"with":[173],"corrosion":[175],"attack":[176],"under":[177],"effects":[179],"an":[181],"intentionally":[182],"uncontrolled":[183],"environment.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
