{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210788923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031236","title":"A Low-Power High-Accuracy Urban Waterlogging Depth Sensor Based on Millimeter-Wave FMCW Radar","display_name":"A Low-Power High-Accuracy Urban Waterlogging Depth Sensor Based on Millimeter-Wave FMCW Radar","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210788923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031236","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1236/pdf?version=1644391805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1236/pdf?version=1644391805","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006421017","display_name":"Hanyue Shui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanyue Shui","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032516328","display_name":"Haoran Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2510-2825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoran Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358437","display_name":"Qiong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2058-1581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039665206","display_name":"Li Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2687-6978"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Li Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084816122","display_name":"Yuan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-619X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-619X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039665206","https://openalex.org/A5084816122"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":0.5951,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60063476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"1236","last_page":"1236"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.7092758417129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.6370790600776672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave-radar","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","score":0.580620288848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5641036033630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5273493528366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-wave","display_name":"Continuous wave","score":0.48450323939323425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.43132874369621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3583221435546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.3285531997680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2744121253490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2284875512123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.17098209261894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14305797219276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.09431451559066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08139517903327942}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.7092758417129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6370790600776672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.580620288848877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5641036033630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5273493528366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99568719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129003","display_name":"Continuous wave","level":3,"score":0.48450323939323425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.43132874369621277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3583221435546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.3285531997680664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2744121253490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2284875512123108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.17098209261894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14305797219276428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.09431451559066772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08139517903327942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1236/pdf?version=1644391805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35161981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c0223d99141142f58fbc672ba19b8f20","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c0223d99141142f58fbc672ba19b8f20","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 3, p 1236 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/3/1236/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 3; Pages: 1236","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8838444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8838444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031236","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031236","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1236/pdf?version=1644391805","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6700000166893005}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210788923.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210788923.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2052823331","https://openalex.org/W2067055578","https://openalex.org/W2102654825","https://openalex.org/W2126490131","https://openalex.org/W2416799949","https://openalex.org/W2475963603","https://openalex.org/W2499133386","https://openalex.org/W2502041161","https://openalex.org/W2528564228","https://openalex.org/W2537888770","https://openalex.org/W2580774552","https://openalex.org/W2592880019","https://openalex.org/W2732516007","https://openalex.org/W2767968188","https://openalex.org/W2773974172","https://openalex.org/W2787444476","https://openalex.org/W2795732374","https://openalex.org/W2802687209","https://openalex.org/W2804445878","https://openalex.org/W2807638832","https://openalex.org/W2904744183","https://openalex.org/W2913665514","https://openalex.org/W2921686029","https://openalex.org/W2970263628","https://openalex.org/W2972531291","https://openalex.org/W2995191055","https://openalex.org/W3013201349","https://openalex.org/W3043675702","https://openalex.org/W3129427867","https://openalex.org/W3172931984","https://openalex.org/W3173825339","https://openalex.org/W6740572115"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208317860","https://openalex.org/W2142793224","https://openalex.org/W2069451901","https://openalex.org/W2904197056","https://openalex.org/W2892233029","https://openalex.org/W2759710661","https://openalex.org/W4210638523","https://openalex.org/W604796468","https://openalex.org/W4285814362","https://openalex.org/W2103897432"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"method":[1],"of":[2,6,63],"making":[3],"precise":[4],"measurements":[5],"remote":[7],"water":[8,31,47],"depth":[9,32,48,143],"using":[10],"mmWave":[11,25,46],"technology":[12],"has":[13],"great":[14],"potential":[15],"for":[16,82,128],"preventing":[17],"urban":[18,130],"waterlogging.":[19],"To":[20,66],"achieve":[21],"waterlogging":[22],"prevention,":[23],"the":[24,30,74,83,88,135,139,142,158,165],"system":[26,50,112,137],"needs":[27],"to":[28,86,100,103,151,157],"measure":[29],"change":[33],"accurately":[34],"with":[35,59,114,138],"a":[36,43,60,115,118],"short":[37],"acquisition":[38,72],"time.":[39],"This":[40],"paper":[41],"demonstrates":[42],"new":[44],"accurate":[45],"measurement":[49,144],"based":[51],"on":[52],"Frequency":[53],"Modulated":[54],"Continuous":[55],"Wave":[56],"(FMCW)":[57],"Radar":[58],"center":[61],"frequency":[62],"77":[64],"GHz.":[65],"improve":[67,87],"distance":[68,89,108],"resolution":[69,91],"and":[70,94,121],"lower":[71,95],"time,":[73],"Swept":[75],"Frequency-Cross":[76],"Correlation":[77],"(SFCC)":[78],"algorithm":[79,162],"is":[80,126,146],"proposed":[81,140],"first":[84],"time":[85,96],"computation":[90],"by":[92],"9\u00d7":[93],"complexity":[97],"from":[98,148],"O(n\u00b7logn)":[99],"O(n)":[101],"compared":[102,156],"traditional":[104],"FFT-based":[105],"FMCW":[106,123],"radar":[107,124,160,166],"computation.":[109],"A":[110],"prototype":[111,136],"equipped":[113],"humidity":[116],"sensor,":[117],"processor":[119],"module":[120,125],"TI's":[122],"designed":[127],"monitoring":[129],"floods":[131],"in":[132,164],"cities.":[133],"Using":[134],"SFCC,":[141],"error":[145],"reduced":[147],"4.5":[149],"cm":[150],"less":[152],"than":[153],"5":[154],"mm,":[155],"default":[159],"post-processing":[161],"embedded":[163],"module.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
