{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210395555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031230","title":"Optimal Architecture of Floating-Point Arithmetic for Neural Network Training Processors","display_name":"Optimal Architecture of Floating-Point Arithmetic for Neural Network Training Processors","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210395555","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1230/pdf?version=1644371074","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1230/pdf?version=1644371074","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007771475","display_name":"Muhammad Junaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-904X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163753206","display_name":"Chungbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnxgj78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Junaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-904X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045397107","display_name":"Saad Arslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-462X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Arslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4038-462X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011973359","display_name":"TaeGeon Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163753206","display_name":"Chungbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnxgj78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"TaeGeon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032247984","display_name":"HyungWon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163753206","display_name":"Chungbuk National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02wnxgj78","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"HyungWon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032247984"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163753206"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2001,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77147821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"1230","last_page":"1230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7490301728248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7203992009162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/floating-point","display_name":"Floating point","score":0.649151086807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6127191185951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.5685545206069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.5056204795837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5022172927856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.48347312211990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.47896531224250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.45919525623321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45816829800605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45135509967803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4208436608314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.4156109392642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.38373130559921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.26429569721221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1073918342590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10049289464950562}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7490301728248596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7203992009162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84211073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117879","display_name":"Floating point","level":2,"score":0.649151086807251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6127191185951233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.5685545206069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.5056204795837402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5022172927856445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.48347312211990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.47896531224250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.45919525623321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45816829800605774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45135509967803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4208436608314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.4156109392642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.38373130559921265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26429569721221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1073918342590332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10049289464950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1230/pdf?version=1644371074","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35161975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:db4ba3021af946869fcfdf9aecad0789","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/db4ba3021af946869fcfdf9aecad0789","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 3, p 1230 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/3/1230/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 3; Pages: 1230","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8840430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8840430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1230/pdf?version=1644371074","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3545937478","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2020-0-01462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322030","display_name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","ror":"https://ror.org/032e49973"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210395555.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210395555.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1570411240","https://openalex.org/W2075140461","https://openalex.org/W2088192327","https://openalex.org/W2557355796","https://openalex.org/W2590692683","https://openalex.org/W2732951378","https://openalex.org/W2737711638","https://openalex.org/W2778345336","https://openalex.org/W2799026378","https://openalex.org/W2805290054","https://openalex.org/W2810084952","https://openalex.org/W2883929540","https://openalex.org/W2894638366","https://openalex.org/W2898985762","https://openalex.org/W2946355854","https://openalex.org/W2951694401","https://openalex.org/W2953222702","https://openalex.org/W2967323806","https://openalex.org/W2969388332","https://openalex.org/W2971734772","https://openalex.org/W2974161802","https://openalex.org/W3035718760","https://openalex.org/W3081966132","https://openalex.org/W3088194607","https://openalex.org/W3088312824","https://openalex.org/W3133679594","https://openalex.org/W3146117041","https://openalex.org/W3176707229","https://openalex.org/W3182125009","https://openalex.org/W4236853429","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6782153099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2950475743","https://openalex.org/W3166492421","https://openalex.org/W4285104150","https://openalex.org/W2586397364","https://openalex.org/W3082465740","https://openalex.org/W4390945455","https://openalex.org/W4372271774","https://openalex.org/W4317624842","https://openalex.org/W3109468088"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,62,96,119,147,166],"convergence":[1],"of":[2,8,23,41,49,93,161,168,181,187,199,207,212],"artificial":[3],"intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"is":[6,25,117],"one":[7,213],"the":[9,13,39,50,75,81,91,136,162,219,222,233,249],"critical":[10],"technologies":[11],"in":[12,65,78,102,124],"recent":[14,51],"fourth":[15],"industrial":[16],"revolution.":[17],"AIoT":[19,42,250],"(Artificial":[20],"Intelligence":[21],"Internet":[22],"Things)":[24],"expected":[26],"to":[27,80,106,134,247],"be":[28],"a":[29,108,254],"solution":[30],"that":[31,252],"aids":[32],"rapid":[33],"and":[34,67,111,131,143,159,204,221,228,259],"secure":[35],"data":[36,242],"processing.":[37],"While":[38],"success":[40],"demanded":[43],"low-power":[44],"neural":[45,103],"network":[46],"processors,":[47],"most":[48],"research":[52],"has":[53,177],"been":[54,152],"focused":[55],"on":[56,154],"accelerator":[57,116,149,191],"designs":[58],"only":[59],"for":[60,72,140,156],"inference.":[61],"growing":[63],"interest":[64],"self-supervised":[66],"semi-supervised":[68],"learning":[69],"now":[70],"calls":[71],"processors":[73],"offloading":[74],"training":[76,85,123,160,211],"process":[77],"addition":[79],"inference":[82,158],"process.":[83],"Incorporating":[84],"with":[86,173,216,239],"high":[87,260],"accuracy":[88,180],"goals":[89],"requires":[90,253],"use":[92],"floating-point":[94,99,138,237],"operators.":[95],"higher":[97],"precision":[98],"arithmetic":[100],"architectures":[101],"networks":[104],"tend":[105],"consume":[107],"large":[109],"area":[110,198],"energy.":[112],"Consequently,":[113],"an":[114,179,196,240],"energy-efficient/compact":[115],"required.":[118],"proposed":[120,148],"architecture":[121],"incorporates":[122],"32":[125],"bits,":[126,128,130],"24":[127],"16":[129],"mixed":[132],"precisions":[133],"find":[135],"optimal":[137],"format":[139,172],"low":[141,257],"power":[142],"smaller-sized":[144],"edge":[145],"device.":[146],"engines":[150],"have":[151],"verified":[153],"FPGA":[155],"both":[157],"MNIST":[163],"image":[164],"dataset.":[165],"combination":[167],"24-bit":[169],"custom":[170],"FP":[171,176],"16-bit":[174],"Brain":[175],"achieved":[178],"more":[182],"than":[183],"93%.":[184],"ASIC":[185],"implementation":[186],"this":[188],"optimized":[189,241],"mixed-precision":[190],"using":[192,236],"TSMC":[193],"65nm":[194],"reveals":[195],"active":[197],"1.036":[200,202],"\u00d7":[201],"mm2":[203],"energy":[205,223],"consumption":[206],"4.445":[208],"\u00b5J":[209],"per":[210],"image.":[214],"Compared":[215],"32-bit":[217],"architecture,":[218],"size":[220],"are":[224],"reduced":[225],"by":[226],"4.7":[227],"3.91":[229],"times,":[230],"respectively.":[231],"Therefore,":[232],"CNN":[234],"structure":[235],"numbers":[238],"path":[243],"will":[244],"significantly":[245],"contribute":[246],"developing":[248],"field":[251],"small":[255],"area,":[256],"energy,":[258],"accuracy.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
