{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210527351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031106","title":"A Machine-Learning Model for Lung Age Forecasting by Analyzing Exhalations","display_name":"A Machine-Learning Model for Lung Age Forecasting by Analyzing Exhalations","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210527351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031106","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161850"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1106/pdf?version=1644325079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1106/pdf?version=1644325079","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038858908","display_name":"Marc Pifarr\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-3675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Pifarr\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-3675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020989505","display_name":"Alberto Tena","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3999-5549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127182","display_name":"International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/03ej8a714","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127182","https://openalex.org/I4387153040","https://openalex.org/I9617848"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Tena","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIMNE, Building C1, North Campus, UPC, Gran Capit\u00e0, 08034 Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3999-5549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIMNE, Building C1, North Campus, UPC, Gran Capit\u00e0, 08034 Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848","https://openalex.org/I4210127182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087827004","display_name":"F. Clari\u00e1","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-0652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Clari\u00e0","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-0652","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070309620","display_name":"Francesc Solsona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-9184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesc Solsona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4830-9184","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048513575","display_name":"Jordi Vilaplana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8188-4914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordi Vilaplana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8188-4914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039702609","display_name":"Arnau Benavides","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnau Benavides","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013662478","display_name":"Lluis Mas Ruiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-5364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","display_name":"Universitat de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/050c3cw24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lluis Mas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9163-5364","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science & INSPIRES, University of Lleida, Jaume II 69, 25001 Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065434411","display_name":"Francesc Abella Sans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3500-3039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133944","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Lleida","ror":"https://ror.org/03mfyme49","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133944","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesc Abella","raw_affiliation_strings":["IRBLleida, Avda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IRBLleida, Avda Alcalde Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133944"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070309620"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.6044,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66522634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"1106","last_page":"1106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10143","display_name":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11692","display_name":"Noise Effects and Management","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3616","display_name":"Speech and Hearing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirometer","display_name":"Spirometer","score":0.7501891851425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.5925197005271912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirometry","display_name":"Spirometry","score":0.5877864360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5775737762451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5455900430679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5087798237800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.47215983271598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.30772361159324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asthma","display_name":"Asthma","score":0.17517822980880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.15674364566802979}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776727875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344868","display_name":"Spirometer","level":5,"score":0.7501891851425171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.5925197005271912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780333948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653305","display_name":"Spirometry","level":3,"score":0.5877864360809326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5775737762451172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5455900430679321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5087798237800598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.47215983271598816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30772361159324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.17517822980880737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.15674364566802979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781142857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5420174","display_name":"Exhaled nitric oxide","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045853","descriptor_name":"Exhalation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D045853","descriptor_name":"Exhalation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D045853","descriptor_name":"Exhalation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1106/pdf?version=1644325079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35161850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8b147852aa234272bcc26ac94c33cbf0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8b147852aa234272bcc26ac94c33cbf0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 3, p 1106 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/3/1106/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 3; Pages: 1106","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8838778","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8838778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositori.udl.cat:10459.1/73032","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/73032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400812","display_name":"Repositori ObertUDL (University of Lleida)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I15766328","host_organization_name":"Universitat de Lleida","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766328"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22031106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031106","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1106/pdf?version=1644325079","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2025584227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-113614RB-C22","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210527351.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20267572","https://openalex.org/W178628438","https://openalex.org/W1227417993","https://openalex.org/W1535602073","https://openalex.org/W1919903996","https://openalex.org/W1985258161","https://openalex.org/W2059258685","https://openalex.org/W2062036558","https://openalex.org/W2074840499","https://openalex.org/W2079138277","https://openalex.org/W2086624992","https://openalex.org/W2095234124","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2110591277","https://openalex.org/W2125013046","https://openalex.org/W2125078269","https://openalex.org/W2126423656","https://openalex.org/W2130640900","https://openalex.org/W2135926039","https://openalex.org/W2136120744","https://openalex.org/W2142406598","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2152536757","https://openalex.org/W2181616869","https://openalex.org/W2191779130","https://openalex.org/W2295783510","https://openalex.org/W2408085426","https://openalex.org/W2513386338","https://openalex.org/W2591904990","https://openalex.org/W2770896033","https://openalex.org/W2888728157","https://openalex.org/W2898853671","https://openalex.org/W3199310194","https://openalex.org/W4256060553","https://openalex.org/W6600799144","https://openalex.org/W6607238869","https://openalex.org/W6607259140","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6682239293","https://openalex.org/W6685764666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323045675","https://openalex.org/W2906221010","https://openalex.org/W1931560784","https://openalex.org/W2151202405","https://openalex.org/W2463591597","https://openalex.org/W2034113987","https://openalex.org/W1985909983","https://openalex.org/W2969664596","https://openalex.org/W2415601590","https://openalex.org/W2419760725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spirometers":[0],"are":[1,12,52,79],"important":[2],"devices":[3,257],"for":[4,253],"following":[5],"up":[6],"patients":[7],"with":[8,18,255],"respiratory":[9],"diseases.":[10,263],"These":[11,135],"mainly":[13],"located":[14],"only":[15],"at":[16,61],"hospitals,":[17],"all":[19],"the":[20,32,48,72,89,98,113,172,181,186,200,223],"disadvantages":[21],"that":[22,180,228],"this":[23,102,126],"can":[24,248],"entail.":[25],"This":[26],"limits":[27],"their":[28,116,235],"use":[29,73,254],"and":[30,54,65,142,149,156,211,217],"consequently,":[31],"supervision":[33],"of":[34,74,88,101,115,120,130,153,205,225,240],"patients.":[35],"Research":[36],"efforts":[37],"focus":[38],"on":[39],"providing":[40,83],"digital":[41],"alternatives":[42],"to":[43,69,105,171,231,258],"spirometers.":[44],"Although":[45],"less":[46],"accurate,":[47],"authors":[49],"claim":[50],"they":[51],"cheaper":[53],"usable":[55],"by":[56,111,118,234],"many":[57],"more":[58],"people":[59],"worldwide":[60],"any":[62],"given":[63],"time":[64],"place.":[66],"In":[67],"order":[68],"further":[70],"popularize":[71],"spirometers":[75],"even":[76],"more,":[77],"we":[78],"interested":[80],"in":[81,167,222],"also":[82,97],"user-friendly":[84],"lung-capacity":[85],"metrics":[86],"instead":[87],"traditional-spirometry":[90],"ones.":[91],"The":[92],"main":[93,99],"objective,":[94],"which":[95],"is":[96,104],"contribution":[100],"research,":[103],"obtain":[106],"a":[107,121,250],"person's":[108],"lung":[109,237,260],"age":[110,203,238],"analyzing":[112],"properties":[114],"exhalation":[117],"means":[119],"machine-learning":[122,164],"method.":[123],"To":[124],"perform":[125],"study,":[127],"188":[128],"samples":[129],"blowing":[131],"sounds":[132],"were":[133,136,161,176,219,243],"used.":[134,162,177],"taken":[137],"from":[138],"91":[139],"males":[140],"(48.4%)":[141],"97":[143],"females":[144],"(51.6%)":[145],"aged":[146],"between":[147,196],"17":[148],"67.":[150],"A":[151],"total":[152],"42":[154],"spirometer":[155],"frequency-like":[157],"features,":[158],"including":[159],"gender,":[160],"Traditional":[163],"algorithms":[165],"used":[166],"voice":[168],"recognition":[169],"applied":[170],"most":[173],"significant":[174],"features":[175],"We":[178],"found":[179],"best":[182],"classification":[183],"algorithm":[184,190],"was":[185,194],"Quadratic":[187],"Linear":[188],"Discriminant":[189],"when":[191],"no":[192],"distinction":[193],"made":[195],"gender.":[197],"By":[198],"splitting":[199],"corpus":[201],"into":[202],"groups":[204],"5":[206,241],"consecutive":[207],"years,":[208],"accuracy,":[209],"sensitivity":[210],"specificity":[212],"of,":[213],"respectively,":[214],"94.69%,":[215],"94.45%":[216],"99.45%":[218],"found.":[220],"Features":[221],"audio":[224],"users'":[226],"expiration":[227],"allowed":[229],"them":[230],"be":[232],"classified":[233],"corresponding":[236],"group":[239],"years":[242],"successfully":[244],"detected.":[245],"Our":[246],"methodology":[247],"become":[249],"reliable":[251],"tool":[252],"mobile":[256],"detect":[259],"abnormalities":[261],"or":[262]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
