{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210374281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030988","title":"On the Security of Bluetooth Low Energy in Two Consumer Wearable Heart Rate Monitors/Sensing Devices","display_name":"On the Security of Bluetooth Low Energy in Two Consumer Wearable Heart Rate Monitors/Sensing Devices","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210374281","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030988","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030988","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/988/pdf?version=1643341480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/988/pdf?version=1643341480","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036897584","display_name":"Ye\u1e63em Kurt Peker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-1962"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199172307","display_name":"Columbus State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002nf6z37","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ye\u1e63em Kurt Peker","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-1962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053851198","display_name":"Gabriel Bello","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199172307","display_name":"Columbus State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002nf6z37","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Bello","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028365474","display_name":"Alfredo J. P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-2041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199172307","display_name":"Columbus State University","ror":"https://ror.org/002nf6z37","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alfredo J. Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2852-2041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TSYS School of Computer Science, Columbus State University, Columbus, GA 31907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036897584"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199172307"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2513},"fwci":2.0236,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86014183,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"988","last_page":"988"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12801","display_name":"Bluetooth and Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bluetooth","display_name":"Bluetooth","score":0.9299670457839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6642774939537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.5963998436927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5914013385772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5629887580871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5348621010780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.47555869817733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.45884501934051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4523431360721588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.3408118486404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.31280362606048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2847939133644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.11167633533477783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546215728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39531","display_name":"Bluetooth","level":3,"score":0.9299670457839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6642774939537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.5963998436927795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5914013385772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5629887580871582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5348621010780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.47555869817733765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.45884501934051514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4523431360721588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.3408118486404419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.31280362606048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2847939133644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.11167633533477783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000072936","descriptor_name":"Fitness Trackers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000072936","descriptor_name":"Fitness Trackers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000072936","descriptor_name":"Fitness Trackers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012984","descriptor_name":"Software","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018907","descriptor_name":"Privacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030988","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/988/pdf?version=1643341480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35161734","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161734","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8839540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8839540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9830bb07474c4e3390f300f10e7316be","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9830bb07474c4e3390f300f10e7316be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 3, p 988 (2022)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030988","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/988/pdf?version=1643341480","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4300000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2267656308","display_name":"REU Site: An REU Site on Security for Mobile Sensing","funder_award_id":"1560214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3173814487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1560214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3329668721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1560214 (NSF/DOD)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7855542831","display_name":"REU Site: REU Site on Security and Privacy for Mobile Sensing and the Internet of Things","funder_award_id":"1950416","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210374281.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210374281.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018720721","https://openalex.org/W2108554506","https://openalex.org/W2212111137","https://openalex.org/W2266573070","https://openalex.org/W2274307588","https://openalex.org/W2461824346","https://openalex.org/W2468005481","https://openalex.org/W2471492149","https://openalex.org/W2521138522","https://openalex.org/W2522146934","https://openalex.org/W2530823456","https://openalex.org/W2597359148","https://openalex.org/W2626553841","https://openalex.org/W2748719146","https://openalex.org/W2774305472","https://openalex.org/W2790061651","https://openalex.org/W2795248131","https://openalex.org/W2806343643","https://openalex.org/W2807533732","https://openalex.org/W2883222613","https://openalex.org/W2888365703","https://openalex.org/W2911404179","https://openalex.org/W2999785729","https://openalex.org/W3032016491","https://openalex.org/W3034108289","https://openalex.org/W3162484944","https://openalex.org/W3205346593","https://openalex.org/W6602393588","https://openalex.org/W6720014189","https://openalex.org/W6752494862","https://openalex.org/W6959824440","https://openalex.org/W6969695691"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2566526749","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843","https://openalex.org/W4245880644","https://openalex.org/W4312415459","https://openalex.org/W2481123202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"its":[1],"inception":[2],"in":[3,17,35,44,70,76,141],"2013,":[4],"Bluetooth":[5,36,86,115,142,174],"Low":[6],"Energy":[7],"(BLE)":[8],"has":[9],"become":[10],"the":[11,31,41,71,77,84,91,96,108,114,127,166,170,201,207,216],"standard":[12],"for":[13,163,197],"short-distance":[14],"wireless":[15],"communication":[16],"many":[18],"consumer":[19],"devices,":[20],"as":[21,23],"well":[22],"special-purpose":[24],"devices.":[25,78,102],"In":[26,79],"this":[27,80],"study,":[28,81],"we":[29,82],"analyze":[30],"security":[32,68,111,135,140,202],"features":[33,42,69],"available":[34],"LE":[37],"standards":[38,73,109],"and":[39,54,61,165,189,203,211,213],"evaluate":[40],"implemented":[43,75],"two":[45],"BLE":[46,63,72,97],"wearable":[47],"devices":[48,143,208],"(a":[49],"Fitbit":[50],"heart":[51,57],"rate":[52,58],"wristband":[53],"a":[55,62,173,183,225],"Polar":[56],"chest":[59],"wearable)":[60],"keyboard":[64],"to":[65,94,132,179,214],"explore":[66],"which":[67],"are":[74],"used":[83],"ComProbe":[85,92],"Protocol":[87],"Analyzer,":[88],"along":[89],"with":[90,126],"software":[93],"capture":[95],"traffic":[98],"of":[99,139,172,206,220],"these":[100],"three":[101],"We":[103,168],"found":[104],"that":[105,122,148,191],"even":[106],"though":[107],"provide":[110],"mechanisms,":[112],"because":[113],"Special":[116],"Interest":[117],"Group":[118],"does":[119],"not":[120],"require":[121],"manufacturers":[123,130],"fully":[124],"comply":[125],"standards,":[128],"some":[129],"fail":[131],"implement":[133],"proper":[134],"mechanisms.":[136],"The":[137],"circumvention":[138],"could":[144,149],"leak":[145],"private":[146],"data":[147],"be":[150,180,194],"exploited":[151],"by":[152],"rogue":[153],"actors/hackers,":[154],"thus":[155],"creating":[156],"security,":[157],"privacy,":[158],"and,":[159],"possibly,":[160],"safety":[161],"issues":[162],"consumers":[164],"public.":[167],"propose":[169],"design":[171],"Security":[175],"Facts":[176],"Label":[177],"(BSFL)":[178],"included":[181],"on":[182,218],"Bluetooth/BLE":[184],"enabled":[185],"device's":[186],"commercial":[187],"packaging":[188],"conclude":[190],"there":[192],"should":[193],"better":[195],"mechanisms":[196],"informing":[198],"users":[199],"about":[200],"privacy":[204,222],"provisions":[205],"they":[209],"acquire":[210],"use":[212],"educate":[215],"public":[217],"protection":[219],"their":[221],"when":[223],"buying":[224],"connected":[226],"device.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2022-02-08T00:00:00"}
