{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210611700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030875","title":"Hybrid Interacting Multiple Model Filtering for Improving the Reliability of Radar-Based Forward Collision Warning Systems","display_name":"Hybrid Interacting Multiple Model Filtering for Improving the Reliability of Radar-Based Forward Collision Warning Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210611700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030875","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/875/pdf?version=1643080327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/875/pdf?version=1643080327","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080318291","display_name":"Jung Min Pak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4219-219X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I77079311","display_name":"Wonkwang University","ror":"https://ror.org/006776986","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77079311"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jung Min Pak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan 54538, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan 54538, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77079311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080318291"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I77079311"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1032,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80624706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"875","last_page":"875"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11357","display_name":"Risk and Safety Analysis","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5666522979736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4913581907749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reset","display_name":"Reset (finance)","score":0.4813031256198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.46893787384033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4502123296260834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.4486916661262512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-filter","display_name":"Particle filter","score":0.43304887413978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4235362708568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-impulse-response","display_name":"Finite impulse response","score":0.41736122965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4132896065711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3924846351146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.37443971633911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3543907403945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24156451225280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2234393060207367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10208702087402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.08052662014961243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5666522979736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4913581907749176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779795794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315343","display_name":"Reset (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4813031256198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.46893787384033203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4502123296260834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.4486916661262512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52421305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151499","display_name":"Particle filter","level":3,"score":0.43304887413978577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4235362708568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198386975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117785","display_name":"Finite impulse response","level":2,"score":0.41736122965812683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4132896065711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3924846351146698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.37443971633911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3543907403945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24156451225280762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2234393060207367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10208702087402344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.08052662014961243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/875/pdf?version=1643080327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35161620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161620","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a2cdd849419a434b90bdc27aabfa2879","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a2cdd849419a434b90bdc27aabfa2879","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 3, p 875 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/3/875/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 3; Pages: 875","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8840024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8840024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030875","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030875","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/875/pdf?version=1643080327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1184871378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1F1A1072428","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3034753964","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G342704958","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"funded","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3942910960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(NRF) grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5514975219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020R1F1A10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210611700.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4210611700.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1642248920","https://openalex.org/W1996962441","https://openalex.org/W2011833091","https://openalex.org/W2031876105","https://openalex.org/W2051264272","https://openalex.org/W2097444453","https://openalex.org/W2103137108","https://openalex.org/W2107556430","https://openalex.org/W2110713902","https://openalex.org/W2127893564","https://openalex.org/W2136707818","https://openalex.org/W2137654406","https://openalex.org/W2141589662","https://openalex.org/W2150440166","https://openalex.org/W2155680787","https://openalex.org/W2156131320","https://openalex.org/W2156602092","https://openalex.org/W2310372072","https://openalex.org/W2336293658","https://openalex.org/W2518668069","https://openalex.org/W2791101340","https://openalex.org/W2801378207","https://openalex.org/W2948914987","https://openalex.org/W2954424472","https://openalex.org/W2965087352","https://openalex.org/W2997966207","https://openalex.org/W2998411522","https://openalex.org/W3128486779","https://openalex.org/W3135875871","https://openalex.org/W4244635056","https://openalex.org/W6663326963","https://openalex.org/W6675289422"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W350273603","https://openalex.org/W2393495588","https://openalex.org/W96259911","https://openalex.org/W2168225754","https://openalex.org/W4385608460","https://openalex.org/W2370772865","https://openalex.org/W1528611913","https://openalex.org/W2000034628","https://openalex.org/W2387487224","https://openalex.org/W4366146733"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automotive":[0],"forward":[1],"collision":[2],"warning":[3],"(FCW)":[4],"systems":[5],"based":[6],"on":[7],"radar":[8],"sensors":[9],"attracted":[10],"widespread":[11],"attention":[12],"in":[13,79,96],"recent":[14],"years.":[15],"To":[16,35],"achieve":[17],"a":[18,32,41,47,76],"reliable":[19,112],"FCW,":[20],"it":[21,81],"is":[22,46,67],"essential":[23],"to":[24,86],"accurately":[25],"estimate":[26],"the":[27,64,70,92,97,120,126],"position":[28],"and":[29,57,102],"velocity":[30],"of":[31,49,69,119,128],"preceding":[33,129],"vehicle.":[34],"this":[36,38,90,110],"end,":[37],"study":[39],"proposed":[40,121],"novel":[42,98],"estimation":[43,113],"algorithm,":[44],"which":[45],"hybrid":[48],"interacting":[50],"multiple":[51],"model":[52],"probabilistic":[53],"data":[54],"association":[55],"(IMM-PDA)":[56],"finite":[58],"impulse":[59],"response":[60],"(FIR)":[61],"filters.":[62],"Although":[63],"IMM-PDA":[65,94],"filter":[66,95],"one":[68],"most":[71],"successful":[72],"algorithm":[73,99,122],"for":[74,114],"tracking":[75,131],"maneuvering":[77],"target":[78],"clutters,":[80],"sometimes":[82],"exhibits":[83],"divergence":[84],"owing":[85],"modeling":[87],"errors.":[88],"In":[89],"study,":[91],"divergent":[93],"was":[100,123],"reset":[101],"recovered":[103],"using":[104,132],"an":[105],"assisting":[106],"FIR":[107],"filter.":[108],"Consequently,":[109],"enabled":[111],"FCW.":[115],"The":[116],"improved":[117],"reliability":[118],"demonstrated":[124],"through":[125],"simulation":[127],"vehicle":[130],"automotive":[133],"radars.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
