{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206944266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030847","title":"Vehicle Localization Using Doppler Shift and Time of Arrival Measurements in a Tunnel Environment","display_name":"Vehicle Localization Using Doppler Shift and Time of Arrival Measurements in a Tunnel Environment","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206944266","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030847","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161592"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/847/pdf?version=1643104312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/847/pdf?version=1643104312","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014498166","display_name":"Rreze Halili","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-7751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rreze Halili","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-7751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007448088","display_name":"Noori BniLam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-8943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noori BniLam","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-8943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089661055","display_name":"Marwan Yusuf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3350-6791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwan Yusuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3350-6791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021551548","display_name":"Emmeric Tanghe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0020-6466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmeric Tanghe","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0020-6466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018341759","display_name":"Wout Joseph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wout Joseph","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-0673","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC-WAVES, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Gent, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086566274","display_name":"Maarten Weyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-6617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten Weyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-6617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017565613","display_name":"Rafael Berkvens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Berkvens","raw_affiliation_strings":["IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IMEC-IDLab, University of Antwerp, Sint-Pietersvliet 7, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017565613"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8464,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84708444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"847","last_page":"847"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.7133334875106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.7037001848220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-of-arrival","display_name":"Time of arrival","score":0.674494743347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6428694128990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5670773386955261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5632644295692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5631346702575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5601189732551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4646923243999481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-frequency","display_name":"Doppler frequency","score":0.4378882944583893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21812403202056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13799509406089783}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.7133334875106812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.7037001848220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163150518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Time of arrival","level":3,"score":0.674494743347168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6428694128990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5670773386955261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5632644295692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5631346702575684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5601189732551575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4646923243999481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988629262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler frequency","level":3,"score":0.4378882944583893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21812403202056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13799509406089783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/847/pdf?version=1643104312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35161592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35161592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:archive.ugent.be:01GQJ5XQ610Z1VA6MPJT0MRHMG","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/01GQJ5XQ610Z1VA6MPJT0MRHMG","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400478","display_name":"Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","host_organization_name":"Ghent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 1424-8220","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:c:irua:186396","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1863960151162165141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401849","display_name":"Institutional Repository University of Antwerp (University of Antwerp)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","host_organization_name":"University of Antwerp","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f47f94c5606e453d9250a31923cb1d51","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f47f94c5606e453d9250a31923cb1d51","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 3, p 847 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/3/847/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 3; Pages: 847","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8839184","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8839184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22030847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/847/pdf?version=1643104312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206944266.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206944266.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64378512","https://openalex.org/W1923525559","https://openalex.org/W1968196532","https://openalex.org/W1974060087","https://openalex.org/W1977489998","https://openalex.org/W1980487656","https://openalex.org/W1990129745","https://openalex.org/W2009278230","https://openalex.org/W2023835067","https://openalex.org/W2058640670","https://openalex.org/W2071655776","https://openalex.org/W2075105610","https://openalex.org/W2084503286","https://openalex.org/W2085051944","https://openalex.org/W2085165892","https://openalex.org/W2095571697","https://openalex.org/W2098197996","https://openalex.org/W2101417447","https://openalex.org/W2113775340","https://openalex.org/W2118088854","https://openalex.org/W2119785640","https://openalex.org/W2127958058","https://openalex.org/W2132672839","https://openalex.org/W2146432151","https://openalex.org/W2146549680","https://openalex.org/W2147461281","https://openalex.org/W2147633691","https://openalex.org/W2158318264","https://openalex.org/W2158898177","https://openalex.org/W2292478586","https://openalex.org/W2293410590","https://openalex.org/W2472946096","https://openalex.org/W2526801545","https://openalex.org/W2540120841","https://openalex.org/W2562612143","https://openalex.org/W2563429800","https://openalex.org/W2566918566","https://openalex.org/W2588025843","https://openalex.org/W2591996318","https://openalex.org/W2601478304","https://openalex.org/W2768501204","https://openalex.org/W2772040571","https://openalex.org/W2784183009","https://openalex.org/W2789763374","https://openalex.org/W2916619007","https://openalex.org/W2955099169","https://openalex.org/W2958321630","https://openalex.org/W2967496829","https://openalex.org/W2972406332","https://openalex.org/W2999661248","https://openalex.org/W3005053218","https://openalex.org/W3015837712","https://openalex.org/W3029898424","https://openalex.org/W3037092564","https://openalex.org/W3081427689","https://openalex.org/W3124856270","https://openalex.org/W3138284197","https://openalex.org/W4232464081","https://openalex.org/W4233452137","https://openalex.org/W6726794571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2983700505","https://openalex.org/W2358793249","https://openalex.org/W2381293607","https://openalex.org/W2539669194","https://openalex.org/W2126060576","https://openalex.org/W2359526864","https://openalex.org/W2354031205","https://openalex.org/W2982588318","https://openalex.org/W2011910404","https://openalex.org/W2024117748"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"applications":[1],"and":[2,13,42,92,125,133,176,195],"services":[3],"of":[4,94,135,197],"Cooperative":[5],"Intelligent":[6],"Transport":[7],"Systems":[8],"(C-ITS)":[9],"rely":[10],"on":[11,23,89,121,130,169],"accurate":[12,43],"continuous":[14],"vehicle":[15,77,86],"location":[16,78],"information.":[17,79],"The":[18,185],"traditional":[19],"localization":[20,87],"method":[21],"based":[22,88],"the":[24,31,61,70,100,143,150,157,165,170,183,193],"Global":[25],"Navigation":[26],"Satellite":[27],"System":[28],"(GNSS)":[29],"is":[30,138],"most":[32],"commonly":[33],"used.":[34],"However,":[35],"it":[36],"does":[37],"not":[38],"provide":[39],"reliable,":[40],"continuous,":[41],"positioning":[44],"in":[45,52,99,103,182,200],"all":[46],"scenarios,":[47],"such":[48],"as":[49],"tunnels.":[50],"Therefore,":[51],"this":[53],"work,":[54],"we":[55],"present":[56],"an":[57],"algorithm":[58,166],"that":[59,67,149],"exploits":[60],"existing":[62],"Vehicle-to-Infrastructure":[63],"(V2I)":[64],"communication":[65],"channel":[66,173],"operates":[68],"within":[69],"LTE-V":[71],"frequency":[72],"band":[73],"to":[74,108,141],"acquire":[75],"in-tunnel":[76],"We":[80],"propose":[81],"a":[82],"novel":[83],"solution":[84,187],"for":[85,191],"Doppler":[90,122,131],"shift":[91,123,132],"Time":[93,134],"Arrival":[95,136],"measurements.":[96],"Measurements":[97],"performed":[98],"Beveren":[101],"tunnel":[102,201],"Antwerp,":[104],"Belgium,":[105],"are":[106],"used":[107,190],"obtain":[109],"results.":[110],"A":[111],"comparison":[112],"between":[113],"estimated":[114],"positions":[115],"using":[116],"Extended":[117],"Kalman":[118,127],"Filter":[119,128],"(EKF)":[120],"measurements":[124,137],"individual":[126],"(KF)":[129],"carried":[139],"out":[140],"analyze":[142],"filtering":[144],"methods":[145],"performance.":[146],"Findings":[147],"show":[148],"EKF":[151],"performs":[152],"better":[153],"than":[154],"KF,":[155],"reducing":[156],"average":[158],"estimation":[159],"error":[160],"by":[161],"10":[162],"m,":[163],"while":[164],"accuracy":[167],"depends":[168],"relevant":[171],"RF":[172],"propagation":[174],"conditions":[175],"other":[177],"in-tunnel-related":[178],"environment":[179],"knowledge":[180],"included":[181],"estimation.":[184],"proposed":[186],"can":[188],"be":[189],"monitoring":[192],"position":[194],"speed":[196],"vehicles":[198],"driving":[199],"environments.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
