{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4206231533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010264","title":"On the Performance of Generative Adversarial Network by Limiting Mode Collapse for Malware Detection Systems","display_name":"On the Performance of Generative Adversarial Network by Limiting Mode Collapse for Malware Detection Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4206231533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010264","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35009810"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22010264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010264","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/264/pdf?version=1640870046","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/264/pdf?version=1640870046","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085532611","display_name":"Acklyn Murray","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Acklyn Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046343080","display_name":"Danda B. Rawat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danda B. Rawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-3464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085532611"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.2154,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80941377,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"264","last_page":"264"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.8274142742156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiter","display_name":"Limiter","score":0.7936663627624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.6899957060813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6812353134155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.5912047624588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.5612655282020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5407727956771851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.5322197675704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.5095987319946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.481035053730011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.43954789638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36818382143974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3383275270462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.2405989170074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13530948758125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.11519619822502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11465027928352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11249932646751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08327451348304749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.8274142742156982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45011657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiter","level":2,"score":0.7936663627624512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.6899957060813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6812353134155273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.5912047624588013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5612655282020569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5407727956771851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.5322197675704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.5095987319946289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.481035053730011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.43954789638519287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36818382143974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3383275270462036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2405989170074463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13530948758125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11519619822502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11465027928352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11249932646751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08327451348304749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22010264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010264","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/264/pdf?version=1640870046","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35009810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35009810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f29ea79917634f7aa496618bce1a0621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f29ea79917634f7aa496618bce1a0621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 1, p 264 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/1/264/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010264","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 1; Pages: 264","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8749644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8749644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22010264","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010264","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/264/pdf?version=1640870046","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8421032499","display_name":"HBCU-RISE: Security Engineering for Resilient Mobile Cyber-Physical Systems","funder_award_id":"1828811","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320965","display_name":"University of New South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206231533.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4206231533.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526990717","https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2593383075","https://openalex.org/W2617539464","https://openalex.org/W2743483681","https://openalex.org/W2782578820","https://openalex.org/W2787510452","https://openalex.org/W2792263949","https://openalex.org/W2792657554","https://openalex.org/W2810518847","https://openalex.org/W2899901572","https://openalex.org/W2906643110","https://openalex.org/W2911200746","https://openalex.org/W2946445608","https://openalex.org/W2953920146","https://openalex.org/W2962928367","https://openalex.org/W2963981733","https://openalex.org/W2969294606","https://openalex.org/W3014842617","https://openalex.org/W3016186637","https://openalex.org/W3018264734","https://openalex.org/W3033023991","https://openalex.org/W3043140984","https://openalex.org/W3045858585","https://openalex.org/W3084487255","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3110877263","https://openalex.org/W3133174221","https://openalex.org/W3148848505","https://openalex.org/W3169544834","https://openalex.org/W3181555714","https://openalex.org/W3200917001","https://openalex.org/W3201286448","https://openalex.org/W3211207279","https://openalex.org/W4297997487","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6718379498","https://openalex.org/W6748972938","https://openalex.org/W6752378368","https://openalex.org/W6755512947","https://openalex.org/W6758662331","https://openalex.org/W6765076608","https://openalex.org/W6768067583","https://openalex.org/W6797915883","https://openalex.org/W6801642353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053682681","https://openalex.org/W3217069185","https://openalex.org/W3049340819","https://openalex.org/W4308928038","https://openalex.org/W4200430540","https://openalex.org/W3141413246","https://openalex.org/W2808862658","https://openalex.org/W4322709305","https://openalex.org/W3002487853","https://openalex.org/W3010213975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"adversarial":[1],"network":[2],"(GAN)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"regarded":[6],"as":[7],"a":[8,20,40,45,104],"promising":[9],"solution":[10],"to":[11,48,55,65],"many":[12],"machine":[13],"learning":[14],"problems,":[15],"and":[16,22,26,53],"it":[17],"comprises":[18],"of":[19,70],"generator":[21],"discriminator,":[23],"determining":[24],"patterns":[25],"anomalies":[27],"in":[28,58],"the":[29,50,59,63,71,85,96,110],"input":[30],"data.":[31],"However,":[32],"GANs":[33],"have":[34],"several":[35,56],"common":[36],"failure":[37],"modes.":[38],"Typically,":[39],"mode":[41,82,98],"collapse":[42,83,99],"occurs":[43],"when":[44],"GAN":[46,92],"fails":[47],"fit":[49],"set":[51],"optimizations":[52],"leads":[54],"instabilities":[57],"generative":[60],"model,":[61],"diminishing":[62],"capability":[64],"generate":[66],"new":[67],"content":[68],"regardless":[69],"dataset.":[72],"In":[73],"this":[74],"paper,":[75],"we":[76],"study":[77],"conditional":[78],"limiter":[79],"solutions":[80],"for":[81,84],"Intrusion":[86],"Detection":[87],"System":[88],"(IDS)":[89],"Control":[90],"Flow":[91],"(ICF-GAN)":[93],"model.":[94],"Specifically,":[95],"ICF-GAN's":[97],"instances":[100],"are":[101],"limited":[102],"by":[103],"mini-batch":[105],"method":[106],"that":[107],"significantly":[108],"improves":[109],"model":[111],"accuracy.":[112],"Performance":[113],"evaluation":[114],"is":[115],"conducted":[116],"using":[117],"numerical":[118],"results":[119],"obtained":[120],"from":[121],"experiments.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}