{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200537063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010164","title":"Real-Time PPG Signal Conditioning with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Network for Wearable Devices","display_name":"Real-Time PPG Signal Conditioning with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Network for Wearable Devices","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200537063","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010164","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35009705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22010164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/164/pdf?version=1640677218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/164/pdf?version=1640677218","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026342076","display_name":"W. Marek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2025-4505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marek W\u00f3jcikowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2025-4505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026342076"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.0187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73878069,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1","first_page":"164","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.7777520418167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7585453391075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.7363740801811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.6550509929656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.604993462562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5873452425003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5656312704086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.5512611865997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.5099161863327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.45851823687553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.445990651845932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4215662479400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.41491782665252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.36087214946746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.318550169467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.28019651770591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.17043426632881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.08261170983314514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.7777520418167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7585453391075134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.7363740801811218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.6550509929656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.604993462562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5873452425003052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5656312704086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.5512611865997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.5099161863327026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.45851823687553406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.445990651845932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4215662479400635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.41491782665252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.36087214946746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.318550169467926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.28019651770591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.17043426632881165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.08261170983314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008570","descriptor_name":"Memory, Short-Term","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22010164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/164/pdf?version=1640677218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35009705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35009705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cd1cff6bc2934c4d8817bbf9049afc7c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cd1cff6bc2934c4d8817bbf9049afc7c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 22, Iss 1, p 164 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/22/1/164/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 22; Issue 1; Pages: 164","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8749621","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8749621","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s22010164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/164/pdf?version=1640677218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200537063.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1849865010","https://openalex.org/W2044722977","https://openalex.org/W2049622368","https://openalex.org/W2052863780","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2097502965","https://openalex.org/W2102456304","https://openalex.org/W2121029939","https://openalex.org/W2136848157","https://openalex.org/W2151713296","https://openalex.org/W2200242555","https://openalex.org/W2204117563","https://openalex.org/W2609275792","https://openalex.org/W2962182608","https://openalex.org/W2967547559","https://openalex.org/W2980240687","https://openalex.org/W3011748695","https://openalex.org/W3012603828","https://openalex.org/W3020616984","https://openalex.org/W3024761859","https://openalex.org/W3098824483","https://openalex.org/W3135277974","https://openalex.org/W6674968125"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205793574","https://openalex.org/W4225612652","https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2566526749","https://openalex.org/W2907667791","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,33],"algorithm":[4,30,44,116],"for":[5,45],"real-time":[6],"detection":[7,47],"of":[8,32,68,85,113],"the":[9,39,49,59,62,66,69,86,102,110,114,121,125],"heart":[10],"rate":[11],"measured":[12],"on":[13],"a":[14,18,22,74],"person's":[15],"wrist":[16],"using":[17],"wearable":[19],"device":[20],"with":[21],"photoplethysmographic":[23],"(PPG)":[24],"sensor":[25],"and":[26,38,96],"accelerometer.":[27],"The":[28,52],"proposed":[29],"consists":[31],"appropriately":[34],"trained":[35],"LSTM":[36,87,103],"network":[37,57,88,104],"Time-Domain":[40],"Heart":[41],"Rate":[42],"(TDHR)":[43],"peak":[46],"in":[48,73],"PPG":[50,70],"waveform.":[51],"Long":[53],"Short-Term":[54],"Memory":[55],"(LSTM)":[56],"uses":[58],"signals":[60],"from":[61,124],"accelerometer":[63],"to":[64],"improve":[65],"shape":[67],"input":[71],"signal":[72],"time":[75],"domain":[76],"that":[77],"is":[78],"distorted":[79],"by":[80],"body":[81],"movements.":[82],"Multiple":[83],"variants":[84],"have":[89],"been":[90],"evaluated,":[91],"including":[92],"taking":[93],"their":[94],"complexity":[95],"computational":[97,107],"cost":[98],"into":[99],"consideration.":[100],"Adding":[101],"caused":[105],"additional":[106],"effort,":[108],"but":[109],"performance":[111],"results":[112],"whole":[115],"are":[117],"much":[118],"better,":[119],"outperforming":[120],"other":[122],"algorithms":[123],"literature.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}