{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200220846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248440","title":"A Multi-Step CNN-Based Estimation of Aircraft Landing Gear Angles","display_name":"A Multi-Step CNN-Based Estimation of Aircraft Landing Gear Angles","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200220846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248440","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960537"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248440","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8440/pdf?version=1639751131","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8440/pdf?version=1639751131","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077261644","display_name":"Fuyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5862-9709"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101843242","display_name":"Z. Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8111-4867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhiguo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379871","display_name":"Jingyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0839-4182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063303192","display_name":"Zhitong Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhitong Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100662778","display_name":"Botong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-7893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088164","display_name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics","ror":"https://ror.org/012rct222","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Botong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088164","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100337178","display_name":"Min Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5320-5729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101843242"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210088164"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.2909,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57743706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"24","first_page":"8440","last_page":"8440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuselage","display_name":"Fuselage","score":0.7338601350784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landing-gear","display_name":"Landing gear","score":0.6710683703422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6209704875946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6116896271705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5067842602729797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46412965655326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4300646185874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.40491366386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.17751532793045044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113556839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1110579","display_name":"Fuselage","level":2,"score":0.7338601350784302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779688405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263421","display_name":"Landing gear","level":2,"score":0.6710683703422546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6209704875946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6116896271705627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5067842602729797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46412965655326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4300646185874939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.40491366386413574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.17751532793045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248440","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8440/pdf?version=1639751131","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34960537","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960537","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce265b17e95c4269871bf5394b78e1a1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce265b17e95c4269871bf5394b78e1a1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 24, p 8440 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/24/8440/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 24; Pages: 8440","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8708999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8708999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248440","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8440/pdf?version=1639751131","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321133","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200220846.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200220846.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2034689796","https://openalex.org/W2062118960","https://openalex.org/W2098605911","https://openalex.org/W2102393714","https://openalex.org/W2118002060","https://openalex.org/W2131798110","https://openalex.org/W2139375301","https://openalex.org/W2155451086","https://openalex.org/W2165589608","https://openalex.org/W2171337805","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2337757305","https://openalex.org/W2419427454","https://openalex.org/W2472269674","https://openalex.org/W2510384466","https://openalex.org/W2555751471","https://openalex.org/W2558625610","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2584009249","https://openalex.org/W2605102758","https://openalex.org/W2605189827","https://openalex.org/W2750326862","https://openalex.org/W2768879211","https://openalex.org/W2770331385","https://openalex.org/W2799191197","https://openalex.org/W2819476901","https://openalex.org/W2885285090","https://openalex.org/W2891656133","https://openalex.org/W2916798096","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963188159","https://openalex.org/W2963201472","https://openalex.org/W2963217716","https://openalex.org/W2963315052","https://openalex.org/W2963402313","https://openalex.org/W2963438049","https://openalex.org/W2963508807","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2963756608","https://openalex.org/W2963892972","https://openalex.org/W2963950354","https://openalex.org/W2964221239","https://openalex.org/W2964249569","https://openalex.org/W2968108377","https://openalex.org/W2981531113","https://openalex.org/W2991592576","https://openalex.org/W3105244967","https://openalex.org/W3196328566","https://openalex.org/W4206615857","https://openalex.org/W4239913810","https://openalex.org/W6639461879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2337415362","https://openalex.org/W4312857205","https://openalex.org/W121273120","https://openalex.org/W2740820121","https://openalex.org/W317572212","https://openalex.org/W2002009170","https://openalex.org/W2034462085","https://openalex.org/W2141888456","https://openalex.org/W2164918837","https://openalex.org/W3159920843"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,75],"presents":[2],"a":[3,13,29,61,77],"method":[4,78],"for":[5,31,79,214],"measuring":[6,80],"aircraft":[7,19,25,96,133,186],"landing":[8,26,34,85,110,154,190,216],"gear":[9,27,155],"angles":[10,83],"based":[11,173],"on":[12,52,60,70,147,174,223],"monocular":[14],"camera":[15],"and":[16,55,125,144,156,179,182],"the":[17,24,32,36,81,100,106,117,121,129,132,137,141,145,148,150,153,175,196,199,207,211,215,224],"CAD":[18],"model.":[20],"Condition":[21],"monitoring":[22],"of":[23,35,84,94,109,120,128,140,185,198,210],"is":[28,97,171,218],"prerequisite":[30],"safe":[33],"aircraft.":[37],"Traditional":[38],"manual":[39],"observation":[40],"has":[41],"an":[42,95],"intense":[43],"subjectivity.":[44],"In":[45],"recent":[46],"years,":[47],"target":[48,101],"detection":[49,102],"models":[50],"dependent":[51],"deep":[53],"learning":[54],"pose":[56],"estimation":[57],"methods":[58],"relying":[59],"single":[62,91],"RGB":[63,92],"image":[64,93],"have":[65],"made":[66],"significant":[67],"progress.":[68],"Based":[69],"these":[71],"advanced":[72],"algorithms,":[73],"this":[74],"proposes":[76],"actual":[82],"gears":[86,191,217],"in":[87],"two-dimensional":[88],"images.":[89],"A":[90],"inputted":[98],"to":[99,104,194],"module":[103],"obtain":[105],"key":[107,118,142,180],"points":[108,119,143],"gears.":[111],"The":[112,166,202],"vector":[113,167],"field":[114,168],"network":[115],"votes":[116],"fuselage":[122,157],"after":[123],"extraction":[124],"scale":[126],"normalization":[127],"pixels":[130,178],"inside":[131],"prediction":[134],"box.":[135],"Knowing":[136],"pixel":[138],"position":[139],"constraints":[146],"aircraft,":[149],"angle":[151,189],"between":[152,177],"plane":[158],"can":[159],"be":[160],"calculated":[161],"even":[162],"without":[163],"depth":[164],"information.":[165],"loss":[169],"function":[170],"improved":[172],"distance":[176],"points,":[181],"synthetic":[183],"datasets":[184],"with":[187],"different":[188],"are":[192],"created":[193],"verify":[195],"validity":[197],"proposed":[200,212],"algorithm.":[201],"experimental":[203],"results":[204],"show":[205],"that":[206],"mean":[208],"error":[209],"algorithm":[213],"less":[219],"than":[220],"5":[221],"degrees":[222],"light-varying":[225],"dataset.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
