{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200397692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248288","title":"Intelligent Electromagnetic Sensors for Non-Invasive Trojan Detection","display_name":"Intelligent Electromagnetic Sensors for Non-Invasive Trojan Detection","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200397692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248288","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960382"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248288","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8288/pdf?version=1639449966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8288/pdf?version=1639449966","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081517786","display_name":"Ethan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9532-3395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050642500","display_name":"John Kan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2090-0327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Kan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101464536","display_name":"Boyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5517-5882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo-Yuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101405674","display_name":"Jian-Gang Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3702-2196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimmy Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075917784","display_name":"Vanessa Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-6370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanessa Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081517786"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.886,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86263989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"24","first_page":"8288","last_page":"8288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5300585627555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5215739607810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.49219241738319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4781828224658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4323709309101105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.41736263036727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.4115648865699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4091765284538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.3734655976295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3424413800239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33652758598327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.32307928800582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30706149339675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.23007383942604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1909770369529724}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5300585627555847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5215739607810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.49219241738319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4781828224658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4323709309101105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.41736263036727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.4115648865699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4091765284538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.3734655976295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3424413800239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33652758598327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.32307928800582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30706149339675903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.23007383942604065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1909770369529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055590","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055590","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055590","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248288","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8288/pdf?version=1639449966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34960382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:88d7d9f2b6f44a418a356466da8517ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/88d7d9f2b6f44a418a356466da8517ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 24, p 8288 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/24/8288/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 24; Pages: 8288","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8708266","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8708266","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248288","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8288/pdf?version=1639449966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1989384378","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2028893","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3255798309","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1953801","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7349901780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1952907","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200397692.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492970950","https://openalex.org/W1511843316","https://openalex.org/W1547964945","https://openalex.org/W1562542037","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1724890242","https://openalex.org/W1964974987","https://openalex.org/W1977376809","https://openalex.org/W1988151559","https://openalex.org/W1997251786","https://openalex.org/W2009009482","https://openalex.org/W2010473643","https://openalex.org/W2015163736","https://openalex.org/W2016695132","https://openalex.org/W2024633013","https://openalex.org/W2025411433","https://openalex.org/W2043202153","https://openalex.org/W2046365389","https://openalex.org/W2053832511","https://openalex.org/W2061017037","https://openalex.org/W2068499153","https://openalex.org/W2071510979","https://openalex.org/W2074254615","https://openalex.org/W2077116387","https://openalex.org/W2097624522","https://openalex.org/W2120791639","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W2137449583","https://openalex.org/W2145937629","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2161856614","https://openalex.org/W2161998562","https://openalex.org/W2320445952","https://openalex.org/W2478972220","https://openalex.org/W2479162608","https://openalex.org/W2511192821","https://openalex.org/W2528208174","https://openalex.org/W2566015346","https://openalex.org/W2742674958","https://openalex.org/W2757331915","https://openalex.org/W2768690687","https://openalex.org/W2795751217","https://openalex.org/W2800261646","https://openalex.org/W3020046017","https://openalex.org/W3021938476","https://openalex.org/W3083177613","https://openalex.org/W3186369001","https://openalex.org/W4231025618","https://openalex.org/W4245595208","https://openalex.org/W4302782534","https://openalex.org/W6742475770"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W4328053173","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W1526642037"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rapid":[0],"growth":[1],"of":[2,7,17,113],"sensors":[3,88],"and":[4,14,26,46,62,71,115],"the":[5,12,15,22,76,85,91,103,119,135],"Internet":[6],"Things":[8],"is":[9,94],"transforming":[10],"society,":[11],"economy":[13],"quality":[16],"life.":[18],"Many":[19],"devices":[20,61,122],"at":[21,75],"extreme":[23],"edge":[24],"collect":[25],"transmit":[27],"sensitive":[28],"information":[29],"wirelessly":[30],"for":[31],"remote":[32],"computing.":[33],"The":[34,79,110],"device":[35],"behavior":[36],"can":[37,117],"be":[38],"monitored":[39],"through":[40],"side-channel":[41],"emissions,":[42],"including":[43],"power":[44,92],"consumption":[45],"electromagnetic":[47],"(EM)":[48],"emissions.":[49],"This":[50],"study":[51],"presents":[52],"a":[53],"holistic":[54],"self-testing":[55],"approach":[56,83],"incorporating":[57],"nanoscale":[58],"EM":[59,87],"sensing":[60],"an":[63,125],"energy-efficient":[64],"learning":[65],"module":[66],"to":[67,96,123,129],"detect":[68,97],"security":[69],"threats":[70],"malicious":[72,131],"attacks":[73,132],"directly":[74],"front-end":[77],"sensors.":[78],"built-in":[80],"threat":[81],"detection":[82,127],"using":[84],"intelligent":[86],"distributed":[89],"on":[90],"lines":[93],"developed":[95],"abnormal":[98],"data":[99],"activities":[100],"without":[101],"degrading":[102],"performance":[104],"while":[105],"achieving":[106],"good":[107],"energy":[108,114],"efficiency.":[109],"minimal":[111],"usage":[112],"space":[116],"allow":[118],"energy-constrained":[120],"wireless":[121],"have":[124],"on-chip":[126],"system":[128],"predict":[130],"rapidly":[133],"in":[134],"front":[136],"line.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
