{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200157315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248263","title":"An Improved Backoff Scheme and Its Performance Analysis for Full Duplex MAC Protocols in VLC Networks","display_name":"An Improved Backoff Scheme and Its Performance Analysis for Full Duplex MAC Protocols in VLC Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200157315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248263","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8263/pdf?version=1639148995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8263/pdf?version=1639148995","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083782407","display_name":"Yuta Sawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178574317","display_name":"Mie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01529vy56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuta Sawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064975783","display_name":"Kosuke Sanada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5440-0868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178574317","display_name":"Mie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01529vy56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kosuke Sanada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035265463","display_name":"Hiroyuki Hatano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-8065"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178574317","display_name":"Mie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01529vy56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroyuki Hatano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037070390","display_name":"K. Mori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9813-4853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178574317","display_name":"Mie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01529vy56","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuo Mori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi 514-8507, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064975783"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178574317"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.506,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65314868,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"24","first_page":"8263","last_page":"8263"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retransmission","display_name":"Retransmission","score":0.8618303537368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.8189502954483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-backoff","display_name":"Exponential backoff","score":0.797660231590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7713633179664612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6404496431350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6107212901115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-coordination-function","display_name":"Distributed coordination function","score":0.5470737218856812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-node-problem","display_name":"Hidden node problem","score":0.5405555963516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5009737014770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carrier-sense-multiple-access-with-collision-avoidance","display_name":"Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance","score":0.494851291179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4770492911338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.4664679765701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4066902995109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3040315806865692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.23722374439239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ieee-802.11","display_name":"IEEE 802.11","score":0.1953909695148468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13467273116111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11585018038749695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180611318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316902","display_name":"Retransmission","level":3,"score":0.8618303537368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.8189502954483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30777684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417920","display_name":"Exponential backoff","level":4,"score":0.797660231590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7713633179664612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6404496431350708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6107212901115417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115338102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229557","display_name":"Distributed coordination function","level":5,"score":0.5470737218856812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156738730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2565413","display_name":"Hidden node problem","level":5,"score":0.5405555963516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5009737014770508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59229178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944633","display_name":"Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance","level":4,"score":0.494851291179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4770492911338806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.4664679765701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4066902995109558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3040315806865692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.23722374439239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185298936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193228","display_name":"IEEE 802.11","level":4,"score":0.1953909695148468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13467273116111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11585018038749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152153834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339878","display_name":"Wi-Fi array","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8263/pdf?version=1639148995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34960370","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:202a799c32b84c599f1163f551ce7569","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/202a799c32b84c599f1163f551ce7569","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 24, p 8263 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/24/8263/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 24; Pages: 8263","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8706655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8706655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248263","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248263","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8263/pdf?version=1639148995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.49000000953674316}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200157315.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200157315.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1561169228","https://openalex.org/W1975726216","https://openalex.org/W2014371526","https://openalex.org/W2074152263","https://openalex.org/W2098502411","https://openalex.org/W2108691729","https://openalex.org/W2144644352","https://openalex.org/W2150588580","https://openalex.org/W2156608573","https://openalex.org/W2162598825","https://openalex.org/W2261973987","https://openalex.org/W2295039895","https://openalex.org/W2334434456","https://openalex.org/W2541407560","https://openalex.org/W2886334861","https://openalex.org/W2942447024","https://openalex.org/W3093786478","https://openalex.org/W3126831749","https://openalex.org/W3159533509","https://openalex.org/W3181847997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2535304808","https://openalex.org/W1977911846","https://openalex.org/W1982324755","https://openalex.org/W1567796011","https://openalex.org/W2285815531","https://openalex.org/W164462378","https://openalex.org/W2162068481","https://openalex.org/W2070500844","https://openalex.org/W3118701343","https://openalex.org/W4200157315"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IEEE":[0,101],"802.15.7":[1,102],"Visible":[2],"Light":[3],"Communication":[4],"(VLC)":[5],"networks":[6],"suffer":[7],"from":[8],"performance":[9,77,114,131],"degradation":[10],"caused":[11],"by":[12],"the":[13,19,27,31,47,51,55,60,66,81,89,94,105,112,120,127,139,142],"hidden":[14,32],"device":[15,33],"collisions":[16,34],"due":[17,58],"to":[18,36,59,79],"directional":[20],"transmission":[21,40,49,108],"with":[22,126],"narrow":[23],"beamwidth.":[24],"One":[25],"of":[26,46,96,141],"solutions":[28],"for":[29,123],"mitigating":[30],"is":[35],"employ":[37],"a":[38,43],"full-duplex":[39,48],"technique.":[41],"As":[42],"side":[44],"effect":[45],"in":[50,65,100],"VLC":[52],"networks,":[53],"however,":[54],"data-packet":[56],"discard":[57],"retransmission":[61],"limitation":[62],"occurs":[63],"frequently":[64],"networks.":[67],"This":[68],"paper":[69,117],"proposes":[70],"an":[71],"improved":[72],"backoff":[73,86],"scheme":[74,87],"and":[75,93,135],"its":[76],"analysis":[78,137],"suppress":[80],"packet":[82,107],"discard.":[83],"The":[84,130],"proposed":[85,128,143],"increases":[88],"Backoff":[90,97],"Exponent":[91],"(BE)":[92],"Number":[95],"stage":[98],"(NB)":[99],"only":[103],"when":[104],"data":[106],"fails.":[109],"To":[110],"evaluate":[111],"system":[113],"theoretically,":[115],"this":[116],"also":[118],"provides":[119],"Markov-chain":[121],"model":[122],"channel":[124],"access":[125],"scheme.":[129,144],"evaluations":[132],"through":[133],"simulation":[134],"theoretical":[136],"show":[138],"effectiveness":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}