{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200498924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248173","title":"Toward Modular and Flexible Open RAN Implementations in 6G Networks: Traffic Steering Use Case and O-RAN xApps","display_name":"Toward Modular and Flexible Open RAN Implementations in 6G Networks: Traffic Steering Use Case and O-RAN xApps","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200498924","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248173","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8173/pdf?version=1638873615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8173/pdf?version=1638873615","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045368807","display_name":"Marcin Dryja\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5906-6413"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Dryja\u0144ski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rimedo Labs, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rimedo Labs, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091654177","display_name":"\u0141ukasz Ku\u0142acz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3434-1917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u0141ukasz Ku\u0142acz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Radiocommunications, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland","Rimedo Labs, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Radiocommunications, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rimedo Labs, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011947791","display_name":"Adrian Kliks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6766-7836"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Kliks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Radiocommunications, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland","Rimedo Labs, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Radiocommunications, Poznan University of Technology, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rimedo Labs, 61-131 Pozna\u0144, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011947791"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":8.5698,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":78,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98052992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"24","first_page":"8173","last_page":"8173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6716573238372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.6234614849090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5948650240898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.5767717361450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.5652835369110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5620757937431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.5587196946144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4153777062892914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.41138219833374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34733301401138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.12807106971740723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.12040495872497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.09620067477226257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6716573238372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.6234614849090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5948650240898132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.5767717361450195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.5652835369110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5620757937431335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.5587196946144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4153777062892914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.41138219833374023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34733301401138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.12807106971740723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.12040495872497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.09620067477226257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207029474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384018","display_name":"Mobile station","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013672","descriptor_name":"Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8173/pdf?version=1638873615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34960268","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34960268","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ea7fab5527f4bc8bdc22ce08f2b8497","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ea7fab5527f4bc8bdc22ce08f2b8497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 24, p 8173 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/24/8173/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248173","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 24; Pages: 8173","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8705635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8705635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21248173","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248173","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/24/8173/pdf?version=1638873615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200498924.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200498924.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2460849224","https://openalex.org/W2568519016","https://openalex.org/W2751969415","https://openalex.org/W2903683137","https://openalex.org/W2963837450","https://openalex.org/W2964005248","https://openalex.org/W3011830499","https://openalex.org/W3012871996","https://openalex.org/W3037103914","https://openalex.org/W3047909149","https://openalex.org/W3115918335","https://openalex.org/W3133548791","https://openalex.org/W3134779518","https://openalex.org/W3167881445","https://openalex.org/W3174773560","https://openalex.org/W3205253013","https://openalex.org/W3206897259","https://openalex.org/W3211742690"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3018338683","https://openalex.org/W3037103914","https://openalex.org/W4315630224","https://openalex.org/W4381187802","https://openalex.org/W4294306393","https://openalex.org/W2618068568","https://openalex.org/W4386533748","https://openalex.org/W4311923021","https://openalex.org/W2922954044","https://openalex.org/W4221148057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95],"development":[1],"of":[2,19,38,80,103],"cellular":[3],"wireless":[4],"systems":[5],"has":[6],"entered":[7],"the":[8,17,36,57,59,78,104,115],"phase":[9],"when":[10],"5G":[11],"networks":[12,42,84],"are":[13,22,67],"being":[14,23],"deployed":[15],"and":[16,52,61,72,85],"foundations":[18],"6G":[20],"solutions":[21],"identified.":[24],"However,":[25],"in":[26,92,110],"parallel":[27],"to":[28,64,70],"this,":[29],"another":[30],"technological":[31],"breakthrough":[32],"is":[33,43,98],"observed,":[34],"as":[35],"concept":[37],"open":[39,81,116],"radio":[40,65,82],"access":[41,66,83],"coming":[44],"into":[45],"play.":[46],"Together":[47],"with":[48],"advancing":[49],"network":[50],"virtualization":[51],"programmability,":[53],"this":[54,93],"may":[55],"reshape":[56],"way":[58],"functionalities":[60],"services":[62],"related":[63],"designed,":[68],"leading":[69],"modular":[71,112],"flexible":[73],"implementations.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"overviews":[77],"idea":[79],"presents":[86],"ongoing":[87],"O-RAN":[88],"Alliance":[89],"standardization":[90],"activities":[91],"context.":[94],"whole":[96],"analysis":[97],"supported":[99],"by":[100],"a":[101,111],"study":[102],"traffic":[105],"steering":[106],"use":[107],"case":[108],"implemented":[109],"way,":[113],"following":[114],"networking":[117],"approach.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}