{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217481296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238075","title":"Early Fault Diagnosis Method for Batch Process Based on Local Time Window Standardization and Trend Analysis","display_name":"Early Fault Diagnosis Method for Batch Process Based on Local Time Window Standardization and Trend Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217481296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238075","mag":"3217481296","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34884082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21238075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/8075/pdf?version=1638453200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/8075/pdf?version=1638453200","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014744797","display_name":"Yuman Yao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165745306","display_name":"Southwest Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h17x602","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuman Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026702753","display_name":"Yiyang Dai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-9160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yiyang Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-9160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049738660","display_name":"Wenjia Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1133-1652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165745306","display_name":"Southwest Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03h17x602","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjia Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165745306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026702753"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.1388,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48202074,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"23","first_page":"8075","last_page":"8075"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12282","display_name":"Mineral Processing and Grinding","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14470","display_name":"Advanced Data Processing Techniques","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.6537808179855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.5672065615653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5452790856361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5359068512916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/batch-processing","display_name":"Batch processing","score":0.5033783316612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.4797840714454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.44338247179985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.41997504234313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39808189868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22717538475990295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.6537808179855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.5672065615653992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5452790856361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5359068512916565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172658912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q661613","display_name":"Batch processing","level":2,"score":0.5033783316612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.4797840714454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44338247179985046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.41997504234313965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39808189868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22717538475990295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005285","descriptor_name":"Fermentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005285","descriptor_name":"Fermentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005285","descriptor_name":"Fermentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012015","descriptor_name":"Reference Standards","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21238075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/8075/pdf?version=1638453200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34884082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34884082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:423f72c8a4234e3cbcd4f8564152f385","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/423f72c8a4234e3cbcd4f8564152f385","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 23, p 8075 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/23/8075/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238075","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 23; Pages: 8075","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8662448","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8662448","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21238075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21238075","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/8075/pdf?version=1638453200","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5315209691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21706220","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6694596538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFS0301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","funder_display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333335","display_name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217481296.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217481296.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544087675","https://openalex.org/W2000858991","https://openalex.org/W2004694841","https://openalex.org/W2069546111","https://openalex.org/W2071460115","https://openalex.org/W2078508456","https://openalex.org/W2086410427","https://openalex.org/W2093212739","https://openalex.org/W2110227608","https://openalex.org/W2110515323","https://openalex.org/W2116010437","https://openalex.org/W2132029223","https://openalex.org/W2135663228","https://openalex.org/W2147129131","https://openalex.org/W2529897998","https://openalex.org/W2592502092","https://openalex.org/W2599795618","https://openalex.org/W2741289421","https://openalex.org/W2794428080","https://openalex.org/W2796942168","https://openalex.org/W2808573547","https://openalex.org/W2822775433","https://openalex.org/W2903010511","https://openalex.org/W2910025884","https://openalex.org/W2939053413","https://openalex.org/W2947216973","https://openalex.org/W2981386789","https://openalex.org/W3013588981","https://openalex.org/W3026654921","https://openalex.org/W3043764823","https://openalex.org/W3108817027","https://openalex.org/W3121331388","https://openalex.org/W3127876525","https://openalex.org/W3154504804","https://openalex.org/W3157113558","https://openalex.org/W3170591781","https://openalex.org/W3188761900","https://openalex.org/W3195694883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378767206","https://openalex.org/W1540871478","https://openalex.org/W328308450","https://openalex.org/W282641168","https://openalex.org/W2376963063","https://openalex.org/W2066396794","https://openalex.org/W2366734808","https://openalex.org/W2002476357","https://openalex.org/W2391444248","https://openalex.org/W2390716080"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,19,57,127,152],"products":[1],"of":[2,21,34,38,45,60,156],"a":[3,11,26,70,80,106,113],"batch":[4,12,35,50,81],"process":[5,13],"have":[6],"high":[7,27],"economic":[8],"value.":[9],"Meanwhile,":[10],"involves":[14],"complex":[15],"chemicals":[16],"and":[17,145,161,185],"equipment.":[18],"variability":[20],"its":[22,55],"operation":[23],"leads":[24],"to":[25,73],"failure":[28],"rate.":[29],"Therefore,":[30],"early":[31],"fault":[32,75,82,175,182],"diagnosis":[33,83,165,176,183],"processes":[36],"is":[37,52],"great":[39],"significance.":[40],"Usually,":[41],"the":[42,46,95,110,120,163,168],"available":[43],"information":[44,76],"sensor":[47],"data":[48,61,107],"in":[49,63,131],"processing":[51],"obscured":[53],"by":[54],"noise.":[56],"multistage":[58],"variation":[59],"results":[62],"poor":[64],"diagnostic":[65,154],"performance.":[66],"This":[67],"paper":[68],"constructed":[69,135],"standardized":[71],"method":[72,84,117,128],"enlarge":[74],"as":[77,79],"well":[78],"based":[85,93,118,140,147],"on":[86,94,119,141,148],"trend":[87,108,115],"analysis.":[88],"First,":[89],"an":[90,142,149],"adaptive":[91],"standardization":[92],"time":[96,166],"window":[97],"was":[98,125,129,159,167],"created;":[99],"second,":[100],"utilizing":[101],"quadratic":[102],"fitting,":[103],"we":[104],"extracted":[105],"under":[109],"window;":[111],"third,":[112],"new":[114],"recognition":[116],"Euclidean":[121],"distance":[122],"calculation":[123],"principle":[124],"composed.":[126],"verified":[130],"penicillin":[132],"fermentation.":[133],"We":[134],"two":[136],"test":[137],"datasets:":[138],"one":[139,146],"existing":[143],"batch,":[144],"unknown":[150],"batch.":[151],"average":[153],"rate":[155],"each":[157],"group":[158],"100%":[160],"87.5%;":[162],"mean":[164],"same;":[169],"0.2083":[170],"h.":[171],"Compared":[172],"with":[173],"traditional":[174],"methods,":[177],"this":[178],"algorithm":[179],"has":[180],"better":[181],"ability":[184],"feature":[186],"extraction":[187],"ability.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}