{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217164048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237943","title":"Classification of Individual Finger Movements from Right Hand Using fNIRS Signals","display_name":"Classification of Individual Finger Movements from Right Hand Using fNIRS Signals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217164048","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237943","mag":"3217164048","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237943","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7943/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7943/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016066312","display_name":"Haroon Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-8920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184531372","display_name":"OsloMet \u2013 Oslo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q12yn84","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haroon Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-8920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184531372"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044746485","display_name":"Farzan Majeed Noori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-3835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","display_name":"University of Oslo","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtthb56","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farzan M. Noori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-3835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032770006","display_name":"Anis Yazidi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7591-1659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281400175","display_name":"Oslo University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00j9c2840","country_code":"NO","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184531372","display_name":"OsloMet \u2013 Oslo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q12yn84","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anis Yazidi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway","Department of Computer Science, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway","Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184531372"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281400175"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051442365","display_name":"Md. Zia Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-1834"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173888879","display_name":"SINTEF","ror":"https://ror.org/01f677e56","country_code":"NO","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387930215","display_name":"SINTEF Digital","ror":"https://ror.org/028m52w57","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173888879","https://openalex.org/I4387930215"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Zia Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software and Service Innovation, SINTEF Digital, 0373 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-1834","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software and Service Innovation, SINTEF Digital, 0373 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173888879","https://openalex.org/I4387930215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066197913","display_name":"M. N. Afzal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-449X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4921948","display_name":"Pusan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01an57a31","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. N. Afzal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-449X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4921948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087902064","display_name":"Peyman Mirtaheri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-5513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184531372","display_name":"OsloMet \u2013 Oslo Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q12yn84","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184531372"]}],"countries":["NO","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peyman Mirtaheri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7664-5513","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184531372"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087902064"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088","https://openalex.org/I184531372"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.8998,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86136419,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"23","first_page":"7943","last_page":"7943"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7562028169631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6585944294929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6229817867279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finger-tapping","display_name":"Finger tapping","score":0.6207163333892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5929635763168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5903689861297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.586869478225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.47314274311065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.46451276540756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-classifier","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","score":0.4364367425441742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0920361578464508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7562028169631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6585944294929504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6229817867279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992114214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7684805","display_name":"Finger tapping","level":2,"score":0.6207163333892822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5929635763168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5903689861297607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130796691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750537","display_name":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.586869478225708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.47314274311065674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.46451276540756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52620605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268357","display_name":"Quadratic classifier","level":3,"score":0.4364367425441742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0920361578464508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18680","display_name":"Prefrontal cortex","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016002","descriptor_name":"Discriminant Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237943","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7943/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34883949","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p-34899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/15595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0b582670a62d40fbbe5b929095fe0d6b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0b582670a62d40fbbe5b929095fe0d6b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 23, p 7943 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/23/7943/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 23; Pages: 7943","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8659988","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8659988","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.duo.uio.no:10852/89578","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10852/89578","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"1424-8220","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237943","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7943/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6606388678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"273599","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217164048.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217164048.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581457739","https://openalex.org/W1969563952","https://openalex.org/W1973638771","https://openalex.org/W1982312747","https://openalex.org/W1988988635","https://openalex.org/W2007516893","https://openalex.org/W2014249652","https://openalex.org/W2022327534","https://openalex.org/W2035907019","https://openalex.org/W2045561515","https://openalex.org/W2062500193","https://openalex.org/W2066303625","https://openalex.org/W2069074795","https://openalex.org/W2082504982","https://openalex.org/W2127503416","https://openalex.org/W2140905478","https://openalex.org/W2144580488","https://openalex.org/W2151756070","https://openalex.org/W2156522227","https://openalex.org/W2203484964","https://openalex.org/W2256369587","https://openalex.org/W2403091650","https://openalex.org/W2441196932","https://openalex.org/W2485179528","https://openalex.org/W2492605684","https://openalex.org/W2521873691","https://openalex.org/W2544179747","https://openalex.org/W2588627481","https://openalex.org/W2599638598","https://openalex.org/W2735558480","https://openalex.org/W2738926490","https://openalex.org/W2766377895","https://openalex.org/W2790317733","https://openalex.org/W2796397123","https://openalex.org/W2803554436","https://openalex.org/W2810728445","https://openalex.org/W2811153207","https://openalex.org/W2909619163","https://openalex.org/W2916154230","https://openalex.org/W2917940321","https://openalex.org/W2949249259","https://openalex.org/W2949785463","https://openalex.org/W2994384968","https://openalex.org/W3005413226","https://openalex.org/W3007780430","https://openalex.org/W3010420260","https://openalex.org/W3024261676","https://openalex.org/W3082119294","https://openalex.org/W3119666920","https://openalex.org/W3121802580","https://openalex.org/W3144064738","https://openalex.org/W3188768863","https://openalex.org/W3195581831","https://openalex.org/W3202503690","https://openalex.org/W6661670011","https://openalex.org/W6788720250","https://openalex.org/W6792658199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113454941","https://openalex.org/W2951122819","https://openalex.org/W2441196932","https://openalex.org/W2411585343","https://openalex.org/W2753804328","https://openalex.org/W2085106164","https://openalex.org/W4383369046","https://openalex.org/W2092457881","https://openalex.org/W2999226773","https://openalex.org/W2568334278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Functional":[0],"near-infrared":[1],"spectroscopy":[2],"(fNIRS)":[3],"is":[4,83],"a":[5,181,194,225],"comparatively":[6],"new":[7,226],"noninvasive,":[8],"portable,":[9],"and":[10,53,75,80,90,108,146,159,168,173,204,221],"easy-to-use":[11],"brain":[12],"imaging":[13],"modality.":[14],"However,":[15],"complicated":[16],"dexterous":[17],"tasks":[18],"such":[19,122,180],"as":[20,123],"individual":[21,40],"finger-tapping,":[22],"particularly":[23],"using":[24,31,50,85,161],"one":[25],"hand,":[26],"have":[27],"been":[28],"not":[29],"investigated":[30],"fNIRS":[32,63],"technology.":[33],"Twenty-four":[34],"healthy":[35],"volunteers":[36],"participated":[37],"in":[38,201],"the":[39,47,192,199,212],"finger-tapping":[41],"experiment.":[42],"Data":[43],"were":[44,99,120,156],"acquired":[45],"from":[46],"motor":[48],"cortex":[49],"sixteen":[51,54],"sources":[52],"detectors.":[55],"In":[56,191],"this":[57],"preliminary":[58],"study,":[59],"we":[60],"applied":[61],"standard":[62],"data":[64,111],"processing":[65],"pipeline,":[66],"i.e.,":[67],"optical":[68],"densities":[69],"conversation,":[70],"signal":[71,200],"processing,":[72],"feature":[73],"extraction,":[74],"classification":[76,153],"algorithm":[77],"implementation.":[78],"Physiological":[79],"non-physiological":[81],"noise":[82],"removed":[84],"4th":[86],"order":[87,92],"band-pass":[88],"Butter-worth":[89],"3rd":[91],"Savitzky-Golay":[93],"filters.":[94],"Eight":[95],"spatial":[96,205],"statistical":[97],"features":[98],"selected:":[100],"signal-mean,":[101],"peak,":[102],"minimum,":[103],"Skewness,":[104],"Kurtosis,":[105],"variance,":[106],"median,":[107],"peak-to-peak":[109],"form":[110],"of":[112,198,232],"oxygenated":[113],"haemoglobin":[114],"changes.":[115],"Sophisticated":[116],"machine":[117,126],"learning":[118],"algorithms":[119],"applied,":[121],"support":[124],"vector":[125],"(SVM),":[127],"random":[128],"forests":[129],"(RF),":[130],"decision":[131],"trees":[132],"(DT),":[133],"AdaBoost,":[134],"quadratic":[135],"discriminant":[136],"analysis":[137,197],"(QDA),":[138],"Artificial":[139],"neural":[140],"networks":[141],"(ANN),":[142],"k-nearest":[143,162],"neighbors":[144,163],"(kNN),":[145,164],"extreme":[147],"gradient":[148],"boosting":[149],"(XGBoost).":[150],"The":[151,184,215],"average":[152],"accuracies":[154,216],"achieved":[155,217],"0.75\u00b10.04,":[157],"0.75\u00b10.05,":[158],"0.77\u00b10.06":[160],"Random":[165],"forest":[166],"(RF)":[167],"XGBoost,":[169],"respectively.":[170],"KNN,":[171],"RF":[172],"XGBoost":[174],"classifiers":[175],"performed":[176],"exceptionally":[177],"well":[178],"on":[179],"high-class":[182],"problem.":[183],"results":[185,220],"need":[186],"to":[187,210,230],"be":[188,208],"further":[189],"investigated.":[190],"future,":[193],"more":[195],"in-depth":[196],"both":[202],"temporal":[203],"domains":[206],"will":[207],"conducted":[209],"investigate":[211],"underlying":[213],"facts.":[214],"are":[218],"promising":[219],"could":[222],"open":[223],"up":[224],"research":[227],"direction":[228],"leading":[229],"enrichment":[231],"control":[233],"commands":[234],"generation":[235],"for":[236],"fNIRS-based":[237],"brain-computer":[238],"interface":[239],"applications.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}