{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3217495139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237937","title":"Detection and Classification System for Rail Surface Defects Based on Eddy Current","display_name":"Detection and Classification System for Rail Surface Defects Based on Eddy Current","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3217495139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237937","mag":"3217495139","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883941"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7937/pdf?version=1638241370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7937/pdf?version=1638241370","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026769818","display_name":"Tiago A. Alvarenga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7816-9576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101100930","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqw9c44","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tiago A. Alvarenga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7816-9576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041787602","display_name":"Alexandre Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-5991"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161480","display_name":"Centro Universit\u00e1rio Academia","ror":"https://ror.org/059538728","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161480"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre L. Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["MRS Log\u00edstica, Juiz de Fora 36060-010, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-5991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRS Log\u00edstica, Juiz de Fora 36060-010, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037165857","display_name":"Leonardo de Mello Hon\u00f3rio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2735-4792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101100930","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqw9c44","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo M. Honorio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2735-4792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023353473","display_name":"A. S. Cerqueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4300-703X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101100930","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqw9c44","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Augusto S. Cerqueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4300-703X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077549659","display_name":"L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-6793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101100930","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqw9c44","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano M. A. Filho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1792-6793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011636769","display_name":"Rafael Antunes N\u00f3brega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5199-308X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101100930","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqw9c44","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael A. Nobrega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5199-308X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026769818","https://openalex.org/A5037165857"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101100930"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":4.51,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95633104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"23","first_page":"7937","last_page":"7937"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10834","display_name":"Welding Techniques and Residual Stresses","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-current","display_name":"Eddy current","score":0.6988598108291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5838898420333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5405908823013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5320203304290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4939740300178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.46410927176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contingency","display_name":"Contingency","score":0.4459437429904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-current-testing","display_name":"Eddy-current testing","score":0.4379596710205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43680527806282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damages","display_name":"Damages","score":0.41359859704971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.39669567346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3957192003726959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3112170696258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12671741843223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09296172857284546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131357438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208598","display_name":"Eddy current","level":2,"score":0.6988598108291626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5838898420333862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5405908823013306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5320203304290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4939740300178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.46410927176475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.4459437429904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6441794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420867","display_name":"Eddy-current testing","level":3,"score":0.4379596710205078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43680527806282043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.41359859704971313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.39669567346572876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3957192003726959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3112170696258545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12671741843223572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09296172857284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7937/pdf?version=1638241370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34883941","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883941","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b318fd5a0f884a2a9f2ab1e9be858195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b318fd5a0f884a2a9f2ab1e9be858195","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 23, p 7937 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/23/7937/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237937","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 23; Pages: 7937","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8659563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8659563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237937","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237937","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7937/pdf?version=1638241370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322980","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","ror":"https://ror.org/00nc55f03"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324372","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora","ror":"https://ror.org/04yqw9c44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217495139.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3217495139.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553437616","https://openalex.org/W1567172441","https://openalex.org/W1993696391","https://openalex.org/W2030222137","https://openalex.org/W2034139177","https://openalex.org/W2047987227","https://openalex.org/W2067681708","https://openalex.org/W2075156252","https://openalex.org/W2080963377","https://openalex.org/W2111329069","https://openalex.org/W2116988482","https://openalex.org/W2120070400","https://openalex.org/W2137303024","https://openalex.org/W2555875178","https://openalex.org/W2742694207","https://openalex.org/W2774163364","https://openalex.org/W2969970369","https://openalex.org/W2972838347","https://openalex.org/W2999092781","https://openalex.org/W3001529749","https://openalex.org/W3112933093","https://openalex.org/W3184886832","https://openalex.org/W3189245872","https://openalex.org/W3198126704","https://openalex.org/W4245502741","https://openalex.org/W4251036056","https://openalex.org/W4298346532"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085805524","https://openalex.org/W2003522138","https://openalex.org/W4296871629","https://openalex.org/W2551942315","https://openalex.org/W2333795440","https://openalex.org/W2761369883","https://openalex.org/W2325202533","https://openalex.org/W2029993380","https://openalex.org/W2357774020","https://openalex.org/W1513070915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,162],"prospect":[1],"of":[2,4,81,95,134,139,168],"growth":[3],"a":[5,105,119,165],"railway":[6,141],"system":[7,89,128],"impacts":[8],"both":[9],"the":[10,18,45,50,126,140,150,171,178],"network":[11],"size":[12],"and":[13,35,93,130,160],"its":[14],"occupation.":[15],"Due":[16],"to":[17,24,32,66,108],"overloaded":[19],"infrastructure,":[20],"it":[21],"is":[22,44],"necessary":[23],"increase":[25],"reliability":[26],"by":[27,49,113],"adopting":[28],"fast":[29],"maintenance":[30,142],"services":[31],"reach":[33],"economic":[34],"security":[36],"conditions.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39,124],"context,":[40],"one":[41],"major":[42],"problem":[43],"excessive":[46],"friction":[47],"caused":[48],"wheels.":[51],"This":[52],"contingency":[53],"may":[54],"cause":[55],"ruptures":[56],"with":[57],"severe":[58],"consequences.":[59],"While":[60],"eddy's":[61],"current":[62,111],"approaches":[63],"are":[64,74],"adequate":[65],"detect":[67],"superficial":[68],"damages":[69],"in":[70,148,155,177],"metal":[71],"structures,":[72],"there":[73],"still":[75],"open":[76],"challenges":[77],"concerning":[78],"automatic":[79],"identification":[80],"rail":[82,151],"defects.":[83],"Herein,":[84],"we":[85,103],"propose":[86,104],"an":[87,137],"embedded":[88,127],"for":[90],"online":[91],"detection":[92],"location":[94],"rails":[96],"defects":[97],"based":[98],"on":[99],"eddy":[100,110],"current.":[101],"Moreover,":[102],"new":[106],"method":[107],"interpret":[109],"signals":[112],"analyzing":[114],"their":[115],"wavelet":[116],"transforms":[117],"through":[118],"convolutional":[120],"neural":[121],"network.":[122],"With":[123],"approach,":[125],"locates":[129],"classifies":[131],"different":[132],"types":[133],"anomalies,":[135],"enabling":[136],"optimization":[138],"plan.":[143],"Field":[144],"tests":[145],"were":[146,153],"performed,":[147],"which":[149],"anomalies":[152],"grouped":[154],"three":[156],"classes:":[157],"squids,":[158],"weld":[159],"joints.":[161],"results":[163],"showed":[164],"classification":[166],"efficiency":[167],"~98%,":[169],"surpassing":[170],"most":[172],"commonly":[173],"used":[174],"methods":[175],"found":[176],"literature.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}