{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200163854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237925","title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Energy Saving and Throughput in Heterogeneous Networks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Energy Saving and Throughput in Heterogeneous Networks Using Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200163854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237925","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883929"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7925/pdf?version=1638423730","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7925/pdf?version=1638423730","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kyungho Ryu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungho Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wooseong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-3421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wooseong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-3421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.8307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8561217,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"23","first_page":"7925","last_page":"7925"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.6283000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.6283000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.20810000598430634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.033399999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7483999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.7365000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5871999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4390999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7483999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.7365000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5871999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.5629000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.48429998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4717000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4553999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776123436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous wireless network","level":5,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003195","descriptor_name":"Computer Communication Networks","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055585","descriptor_name":"Physical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055585","descriptor_name":"Physical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055585","descriptor_name":"Physical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7925/pdf?version=1638423730","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34883929","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34883929","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b55d6e7e14174b03a6d9a62217852e17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b55d6e7e14174b03a6d9a62217852e17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 23, p 7925 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/23/7925/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 23; Pages: 7925","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8659752","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8659752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21237925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21237925","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/23/7925/pdf?version=1638423730","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8192768366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202008460005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321366","funder_display_name":"Gachon University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321366","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200163854.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012768661","https://openalex.org/W2017735472","https://openalex.org/W2044380347","https://openalex.org/W2045658304","https://openalex.org/W2056251647","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2084000272","https://openalex.org/W2084592718","https://openalex.org/W2102660061","https://openalex.org/W2109910161","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2120645748","https://openalex.org/W2130891087","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2155027007","https://openalex.org/W2163553782","https://openalex.org/W2375617955","https://openalex.org/W2381074797","https://openalex.org/W2501770904","https://openalex.org/W2523433278","https://openalex.org/W2612336410","https://openalex.org/W2613380644","https://openalex.org/W2768597617","https://openalex.org/W2773515224","https://openalex.org/W2775103799","https://openalex.org/W2781726626","https://openalex.org/W2787938642","https://openalex.org/W2886509985","https://openalex.org/W2896366111","https://openalex.org/W2896476573","https://openalex.org/W2898754723","https://openalex.org/W2906115618","https://openalex.org/W2922273628","https://openalex.org/W2936900179","https://openalex.org/W2944891925","https://openalex.org/W2963079995","https://openalex.org/W2967646856","https://openalex.org/W2968782695","https://openalex.org/W2971663057","https://openalex.org/W2983432303","https://openalex.org/W3000943722","https://openalex.org/W3003494250","https://openalex.org/W3005285703","https://openalex.org/W3013353193","https://openalex.org/W3013973746","https://openalex.org/W3015447018","https://openalex.org/W3015501413","https://openalex.org/W3017346274","https://openalex.org/W3025255083","https://openalex.org/W3028241127","https://openalex.org/W3032021129","https://openalex.org/W3034687650","https://openalex.org/W3047488480","https://openalex.org/W3082622020","https://openalex.org/W3087880859","https://openalex.org/W3107857469","https://openalex.org/W3128060803","https://openalex.org/W3139502571","https://openalex.org/W3152982740","https://openalex.org/W3163220417","https://openalex.org/W3167198886","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6674068416","https://openalex.org/W6684205842"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"emission":[0],"is":[1,49,138],"mandatory":[2],"to":[3,66,169],"confront":[4],"global":[5],"climate":[6],"change,":[7],"we":[8,101],"need":[9],"energy":[10,36,113,166],"efficient":[11,114],"network":[12],"management":[13],"for":[14,109,152],"such":[15,75],"denser":[16],"small-cell":[17],"heterogeneous":[18],"networks":[19],"(HetNets)":[20],"that":[21,34,137,159],"already":[22],"suffer":[23],"from":[24],"observable":[25],"power":[26,82],"consumption.":[27],"We":[28,125],"establish":[29],"a":[30,50,87,110,127],"dual-objective":[31,111],"optimization":[32],"model":[33,136],"minimizes":[35],"consumption":[37],"by":[38],"switching":[39],"off":[40],"unused":[41],"small":[42],"cells":[43],"while":[44],"maximizing":[45],"user":[46],"throughput,":[47],"which":[48,84,119,147],"mixed":[51],"integer":[52],"linear":[53,143],"problem":[54],"(MILP).":[55],"Recently,":[56],"the":[57,71,103,106,134,148,170],"deep":[58],"reinforcement":[59],"learning":[60],"(DRL)":[61],"algorithm":[62,108,132,150,161],"has":[63,120],"been":[64,122],"applied":[65],"many":[67],"NP-hard":[68],"problems":[69],"of":[70,105],"wireless":[72],"networking":[73],"field,":[74],"as":[76,94,140],"radio":[77],"resource":[78],"allocation,":[79],"association":[80],"and":[81,116,165],"saving,":[83],"can":[85,162],"induce":[86],"near-optimal":[88],"solution":[89],"with":[90],"fast":[91],"inference":[92],"time":[93],"an":[95,141],"online":[96],"solution.":[97],"In":[98],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"investigate":[102],"feasibility":[104],"DRL":[107],"problem,":[112],"routing":[115],"throughput":[117,164],"maximization,":[118],"not":[121],"explored":[123],"before.":[124],"propose":[126],"proximal":[128],"policy":[129],"(PPO)-based":[130],"multi-objective":[131],"using":[133],"actor-critic":[135],"realized":[139],"optimistic":[142],"support":[144],"framework":[145],"in":[146],"PPO":[149],"searches":[151],"feasible":[153],"solutions":[154],"iteratively.":[155],"Experimental":[156],"results":[157],"show":[158],"our":[160],"achieve":[163],"savings":[167],"comparable":[168],"CPLEX.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
