{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212406171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227583","title":"Development and Experimental Validation of an Intelligent Camera Model for Automated Driving","display_name":"Development and Experimental Validation of an Intelligent Camera Model for Automated Driving","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212406171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227583","mag":"3212406171","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7583/pdf?version=1636982552","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7583/pdf?version=1636982552","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052415924","display_name":"Simon Genser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-2058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112585","display_name":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/029rc9g37","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon Genser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-2058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030610478","display_name":"Stefan Muckenhuber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1920-8437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15766117","display_name":"University of Graz","ror":"https://ror.org/01faaaf77","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112585","display_name":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/029rc9g37","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Muckenhuber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, Heinrichstra\u00dfe 36, 8010 Graz, Austria","Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1920-8437","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, Heinrichstra\u00dfe 36, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15766117"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060611240","display_name":"Selim Solmaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-1306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112585","display_name":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/029rc9g37","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selim Solmaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0686-1306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014777761","display_name":"Jakob Reckenzaun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-4554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112585","display_name":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/029rc9g37","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Reckenzaun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7105-4554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052415924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112585"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.3011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79722039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"22","first_page":"7583","last_page":"7583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.7439599633216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise","display_name":"Pointwise","score":0.6433818340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.6055254936218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5906129479408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.506261944770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49965405464172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47123774886131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.42563414573669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.41348040103912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4078819453716278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3744812607765198}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.7439599633216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.6433818340301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.6055254936218262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5906129479408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.506261944770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49965405464172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47123774886131287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.42563414573669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.41348040103912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4078819453716278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3744812607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000088684","descriptor_name":"Autonomous Vehicles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001334","descriptor_name":"Automobile Driving","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7583/pdf?version=1636982552","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34833657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d88de2dbc47842d9a93cd5f7c8bb2092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d88de2dbc47842d9a93cd5f7c8bb2092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 22, p 7583 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/22/7583/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227583","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 22; Pages: 7583","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8622060","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8622060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227583","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227583","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7583/pdf?version=1636982552","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212406171.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W316935178","https://openalex.org/W1497779383","https://openalex.org/W1555964112","https://openalex.org/W1602284094","https://openalex.org/W2094233652","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2118020555","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2494873165","https://openalex.org/W2525936901","https://openalex.org/W2559767995","https://openalex.org/W2615547864","https://openalex.org/W2817652323","https://openalex.org/W2884212744","https://openalex.org/W2891298711","https://openalex.org/W2892614179","https://openalex.org/W2921180939","https://openalex.org/W2938212554","https://openalex.org/W2962778434","https://openalex.org/W2963292632","https://openalex.org/W2964268161","https://openalex.org/W2976534600","https://openalex.org/W2995539174","https://openalex.org/W2999817948","https://openalex.org/W3003139904","https://openalex.org/W3035172746","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3105123458","https://openalex.org/W3119240502","https://openalex.org/W3134298700","https://openalex.org/W3148402047","https://openalex.org/W3177311813","https://openalex.org/W3178109373","https://openalex.org/W3195895966","https://openalex.org/W3208463307","https://openalex.org/W4229661595","https://openalex.org/W4231331086","https://openalex.org/W4299913535","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6747573276"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W143502885","https://openalex.org/W42113618","https://openalex.org/W2103468410","https://openalex.org/W2480115405","https://openalex.org/W3197542402","https://openalex.org/W1856228368","https://openalex.org/W2971527398","https://openalex.org/W1929207905","https://openalex.org/W1025150868","https://openalex.org/W2645958880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,65,85,156],"virtual":[1],"testing":[2],"and":[3,10,17,26,75,105,125,149,163,179],"validation":[4,151],"of":[5,29,130,152,158,174,188,192,203],"advanced":[6],"driver":[7],"assistance":[8],"system":[9],"automated":[11],"driving":[12],"(ADAS/AD)":[13],"functions":[14],"require":[15],"efficient":[16],"realistic":[18],"perception":[19,31,61,93],"sensor":[20,43,56,94,120,194],"models.":[21],"In":[22,51,199],"particular,":[23,200],"the":[24,46,77,81,100,107,147,153,159,177,182,186,189,193,201,204],"limitations":[25],"measurement":[27,83,139],"errors":[28],"real":[30],"sensors":[32,62],"need":[33],"to":[34,40,145,165,169],"be":[35],"simulated":[36],"realistically":[37],"in":[38,176,181],"order":[39],"generate":[41],"useful":[42],"data":[44,127],"for":[45,59,90],"ADAS/AD":[47],"function":[48],"under":[49],"test.":[50],"this":[52,211],"paper,":[53],"a":[54,110,137,142,170],"novel":[55,66],"modeling":[57,74,86,187],"approach":[58,67,87],"automotive":[60,92,113],"is":[63,88],"introduced.":[64],"combines":[68],"kernel":[69],"density":[70],"estimation":[71],"with":[72,210],"regression":[73],"puts":[76],"main":[78],"focus":[79],"on":[80,141],"position":[82,97,123,172,205],"errors.":[84],"designed":[89],"any":[91],"that":[95],"provides":[96],"estimations":[98],"at":[99],"object":[101],"level.":[102],"To":[103],"demonstrate":[104],"evaluate":[106],"new":[108,154],"approach,":[109],"common":[111],"state-of-the-art":[112],"camera":[114],"(Mobileye":[115,122],"630)":[116],"was":[117,161,197],"considered.":[118],"Both":[119],"measurements":[121,206],"estimations)":[124],"ground-truth":[126],"(DGPS":[128],"positions":[129],"all":[131],"attending":[132],"vehicles)":[133],"were":[134,207],"collected":[135],"during":[136],"large":[138],"campaign":[140],"Hungarian":[143],"highway":[144],"support":[146],"development":[148],"experimental":[150],"approach.":[155,212],"quality":[157],"model":[160,195],"tested":[162],"compared":[164],"reference":[166],"measurements,":[167],"leading":[168],"pointwise":[171],"error":[173],"9.60%":[175],"lateral":[178],"1.57%":[180],"longitudinal":[183],"direction.":[184],"Additionally,":[185],"natural":[190],"scattering":[191],"output":[196],"satisfying.":[198],"deviations":[202],"well":[208],"modeled":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
