{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3211671426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227579","title":"Multi-Source Knowledge Reasoning for Data-Driven IoT Security","display_name":"Multi-Source Knowledge Reasoning for Data-Driven IoT Security","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3211671426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227579","mag":"3211671426","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833653"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227579","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7579/pdf?version=1636973361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7579/pdf?version=1636973361","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024866341","display_name":"Shuqin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-844X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132586189","display_name":"Zhongyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0360zcg91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuqin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052298382","display_name":"Guangyao Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-1210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132586189","display_name":"Zhongyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0360zcg91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangyao Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-1210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100339431","display_name":"Hong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1353-7838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371526","display_name":"Peipei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-7362"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peipei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089079322","display_name":"Minzhi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1045-2479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132586189","display_name":"Zhongyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0360zcg91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minzhi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100745576","display_name":"Shujun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5628-7328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141689","display_name":"Yancheng Teachers University","ror":"https://ror.org/042k5fe81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141689"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024866341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132586189"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2673},"fwci":1.9487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86097048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"22","first_page":"7579","last_page":"7579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7910309433937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.7194440364837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6209572553634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.47624754905700684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.46235498785972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.46201008558273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.43452388048171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.32547008991241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.16662707924842834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7910309433937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.7194440364837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6209572553634644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.47624754905700684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.46235498785972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.46201008558273315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.43452388048171997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.32547008991241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.16662707924842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227579","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7579/pdf?version=1636973361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34833653","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ee4b00056aa240c2a48b5b2a50d9963c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ee4b00056aa240c2a48b5b2a50d9963c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 22, p 7579 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/22/7579/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 22; Pages: 7579","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8623156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8623156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227579","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7579/pdf?version=1636973361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211671426.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3211671426.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W918972627","https://openalex.org/W1541543267","https://openalex.org/W1562643504","https://openalex.org/W1992025196","https://openalex.org/W2052950171","https://openalex.org/W2074828774","https://openalex.org/W2365980664","https://openalex.org/W2587468482","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2740052274","https://openalex.org/W2744234217","https://openalex.org/W2750780705","https://openalex.org/W2790843555","https://openalex.org/W2805536616","https://openalex.org/W2891787071","https://openalex.org/W2936977953","https://openalex.org/W2965629907","https://openalex.org/W2969089304","https://openalex.org/W2973625556","https://openalex.org/W2980659949","https://openalex.org/W2982399527","https://openalex.org/W2995609070","https://openalex.org/W2996733399","https://openalex.org/W3001047183","https://openalex.org/W3029851763","https://openalex.org/W3043308527","https://openalex.org/W3081829214","https://openalex.org/W3092357241","https://openalex.org/W3092627452","https://openalex.org/W3094126420","https://openalex.org/W3094240639","https://openalex.org/W3107719633","https://openalex.org/W3133978648","https://openalex.org/W3135336760","https://openalex.org/W3172253489","https://openalex.org/W3179788886","https://openalex.org/W3185781018","https://openalex.org/W6661564250","https://openalex.org/W6663669045","https://openalex.org/W6780711155","https://openalex.org/W6791682177","https://openalex.org/W7061125916"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953227786","https://openalex.org/W88610236","https://openalex.org/W2092708554","https://openalex.org/W2065250680","https://openalex.org/W4361855476","https://openalex.org/W2188404590","https://openalex.org/W2165898552","https://openalex.org/W2361257899","https://openalex.org/W2353177111","https://openalex.org/W2758682319"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Nowadays,":[0],"there":[1],"are":[2,142],"different":[3],"kinds":[4],"of":[5,28,35,67,89,107,130,158,166,179,189],"public":[6,168,190],"knowledge":[7,30,105,119,169,191,199],"bases":[8,31,170,192],"for":[9,20,97,171,202,216],"cyber":[10,108],"security":[11,22,41,75,91,109,153,159,173,218],"vulnerability":[12],"and":[13,32,44,60,93,137,174,193,213,220],"threat":[14,23,45,98],"intelligence":[15],"which":[16],"can":[17,122],"be":[18],"used":[19],"IoT":[21,37,74,80,90,132,139,172,203,217],"analysis.":[24,99],"However,":[25],"the":[26,33,36,79,87,103,113,116,124,128,131,164,176,187,197,207],"heterogeneity":[27,178],"these":[29],"complexity":[34],"environments":[38],"make":[39],"network":[40],"situation":[42],"awareness":[43],"assessment":[46],"difficult.":[47],"In":[48,69,112,182,205],"this":[49,183],"paper,":[50,184],"we":[51,71,185],"integrate":[52],"vulnerabilities,":[53],"weaknesses,":[54],"affected":[55],"platforms,":[56],"tactics,":[57],"attack":[58,61],"techniques,":[59],"patterns":[62],"into":[63],"a":[64,210],"coherent":[65],"set":[66],"links.":[68],"addition,":[70],"propose":[72],"an":[73],"ontology":[76,110],"model,":[77,115],"namely,":[78],"Security":[81],"Threat":[82],"Ontology":[83],"(IoTSTO),":[84],"to":[85,144,152],"describe":[86],"elements":[88],"threats":[92,129],"design":[94],"inference":[95],"rules":[96],"This":[100,161],"IoTSTO":[101,114],"expands":[102],"current":[104,167],"domain":[106],"modeling.":[111],"proposed":[117],"multi-source":[118,180,198],"reasoning":[120,200],"method":[121,148,201,215],"perform":[123],"following":[125],"tasks:":[126],"assess":[127],"environment,":[133],"automatically":[134],"infer":[135],"mitigations,":[136],"separate":[138],"nodes":[140],"that":[141],"subject":[143],"specific":[145],"threats.":[146],"The":[147],"above":[149],"provides":[150,209],"support":[151],"managers":[154],"in":[155],"their":[156,194],"deployment":[157],"solutions.":[160],"paper":[162,208],"completes":[163],"association":[165],"solves":[175],"semantic":[177],"knowledge.":[181],"reveal":[186],"scope":[188],"interrelationships":[195],"through":[196],"security.":[204],"conclusion,":[206],"unified,":[211],"extensible,":[212],"reusable":[214],"analysis":[219],"decision":[221],"making.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}