{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212455870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227574","title":"Non-Contact Spirometry Using a Mobile Thermal Camera and AI Regression","display_name":"Non-Contact Spirometry Using a Mobile Thermal Camera and AI Regression","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212455870","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227574","mag":"3212455870","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7574/pdf?version=1636968433","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7574/pdf?version=1636968433","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056168396","display_name":"Luay Fraiwan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["AE","JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luay Fraiwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan","Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060526740","display_name":"Natheer Khasawneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4520-1602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natheer Khasawneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108559170","display_name":"Khaldon Lweesy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-926X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156983542","display_name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y8mtb59","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaldon Lweesy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 2210, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156983542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075610081","display_name":"Mennatalla Elbalki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8648-5175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mennatalla Elbalki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023356589","display_name":"Amna Almarzooqi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amna Almarzooqi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112703817","display_name":"Nada Abu Hamra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nada Abu Hamra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 55991, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056168396"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138","https://openalex.org/I156983542"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.5792,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62829327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"22","first_page":"7574","last_page":"7574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spirometry","display_name":"Spirometry","score":0.7943963408470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhalation","display_name":"Exhalation","score":0.49691274762153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.47321075201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.4644389748573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-comfort","display_name":"Thermal comfort","score":0.44456547498703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.43823716044425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43650147318840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.432212233543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41699185967445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.3976229429244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3392747640609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3268899619579315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.31946051120758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2864670157432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2820660471916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.12688663601875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.12368068099021912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.11281850934028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09906545281410217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780333948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653305","display_name":"Spirometry","level":3,"score":0.7943963408470154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43396882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2197000","display_name":"Exhalation","level":2,"score":0.49691274762153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.47321075201034546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4644389748573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133913538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774514","display_name":"Thermal comfort","level":2,"score":0.44456547498703003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.43823716044425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43650147318840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.432212233543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41699185967445374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3976229429244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3392747640609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3268899619579315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.31946051120758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2864670157432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2820660471916199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.12688663601875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.12368068099021912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.11281850934028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09906545281410217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013147","descriptor_name":"Spirometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045853","descriptor_name":"Exhalation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045853","descriptor_name":"Exhalation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D045853","descriptor_name":"Exhalation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7574/pdf?version=1636968433","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34833650","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34833650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8e52b106ba8c4d2db1369a8d51592ddc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8e52b106ba8c4d2db1369a8d51592ddc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 22, p 7574 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/22/7574/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 22; Pages: 7574","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8624693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8624693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21227574","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21227574","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/22/7574/pdf?version=1636968433","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8533703898","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19300518","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F36462951","funder_display_name":"Abu Dhabi University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F36462951","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212455870.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3212455870.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1725062575","https://openalex.org/W1980128087","https://openalex.org/W1997658618","https://openalex.org/W2003922338","https://openalex.org/W2020211431","https://openalex.org/W2020916259","https://openalex.org/W2056132907","https://openalex.org/W2082671303","https://openalex.org/W2095752438","https://openalex.org/W2098649495","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2105943885","https://openalex.org/W2128341778","https://openalex.org/W2132223152","https://openalex.org/W2140147284","https://openalex.org/W2146758572","https://openalex.org/W2173931240","https://openalex.org/W2334878276","https://openalex.org/W2615102882","https://openalex.org/W2762001532","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2792353783","https://openalex.org/W2887389160","https://openalex.org/W2945392978","https://openalex.org/W2955318738","https://openalex.org/W3000594193"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2967733078","https://openalex.org/W3204430031","https://openalex.org/W3137904399","https://openalex.org/W4310492845","https://openalex.org/W2885778889","https://openalex.org/W4310224730","https://openalex.org/W2766514146","https://openalex.org/W4289703016","https://openalex.org/W2885516856","https://openalex.org/W3094138326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-contact":[0],"physiological":[1],"measurements":[2,13,37,187],"have":[3],"been":[4],"under":[5],"investigation":[6],"for":[7,34,51,102],"many":[8],"years,":[9],"and":[10,21,26,56,61,74,96,110,121,129,142,158,182],"among":[11],"these":[12],"is":[14,180],"non-contact":[15,35,172],"spirometry,":[16],"which":[17],"could":[18],"provide":[19],"acute":[20],"chronic":[22],"pulmonary":[23],"disease":[24],"monitoring":[25],"diagnosis.":[27],"This":[28],"work":[29],"presents":[30],"a":[31,39,80,91,159,176],"feasibility":[32],"study":[33,169],"spirometry":[36,173],"using":[38],"mobile":[40,65,84],"thermal":[41,87,177],"imaging":[42,178],"system.":[43],"Thermal":[44],"images":[45,89],"were":[46,115,127],"acquired":[47,86],"from":[48],"19":[49],"subjects":[50],"measuring":[52],"the":[53,57,71,76,97,105,119,148,185,189],"respiration":[54,72,77],"rate":[55,73,92],"volume":[58],"of":[59,93,104,107,131,156,163,167],"inhaled":[60],"exhaled":[62],"air.":[63],"A":[64],"application":[66,85],"was":[67,100],"built":[68],"to":[69,79,117],"measure":[70],"export":[75],"signal":[78],"personal":[81],"computer.":[82],"The":[83,145,165],"video":[88],"at":[90],"nine":[94],"frames/second":[95],"OpenCV":[98],"library":[99],"used":[101,116],"localization":[103],"area":[106],"interest":[108],"(nose":[109],"mouth).":[111],"Artificial":[112],"intelligence":[113],"regressors":[114,126],"predict":[118],"inhalation":[120],"exhalation":[122],"air":[123],"volume.":[124],"Several":[125],"tested":[128],"four":[130],"them":[132],"showed":[133,147,170],"excellent":[134],"performance:":[135],"random":[136],"forest,":[137],"adaptive":[138],"boosting,":[139,141],"gradient":[140],"decision":[143],"trees.":[144],"latter":[146],"best":[149],"regression":[150],"results,":[151],"with":[152],"an":[153],"R-square":[154],"value":[155],"0.9998":[157],"mean":[160],"square":[161],"error":[162],"0.0023.":[164],"results":[166],"this":[168],"that":[171,188],"based":[174],"on":[175],"system":[179],"feasible":[181],"provides":[183],"all":[184],"basic":[186],"conventional":[190],"spirometers":[191],"support.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}