{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214054153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217408","title":"Detection of Iris Presentation Attacks Using Feature Fusion of Thepade\u2019s Sorted Block Truncation Coding with Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Features","display_name":"Detection of Iris Presentation Attacks Using Feature Fusion of Thepade\u2019s Sorted Block Truncation Coding with Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix Features","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214054153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217408","mag":"3214054153","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770715"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217408","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7408/pdf?version=1636361045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7408/pdf?version=1636361045","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089690678","display_name":"Smita Khade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9334-3680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I244572783","display_name":"Symbiosis International University","ror":"https://ror.org/005r2ww51","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Smita Khade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084518207","display_name":"Shilpa Gite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-7030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I244572783","display_name":"Symbiosis International University","ror":"https://ror.org/005r2ww51","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shilpa Gite","raw_affiliation_strings":["Symbiosis Centre for Applied Artificial Intelligence, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India","Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbiosis Centre for Applied Artificial Intelligence, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International, Deemed University, Pune 412115, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I244572783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028359630","display_name":"Sudeep D. Thepade","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-4148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I878213199","display_name":"Savitribai Phule Pune University","ror":"https://ror.org/044g6d731","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudeep D. Thepade","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Pune 411044, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7809-4148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU), Pune 411044, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I878213199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059040421","display_name":"Biswajeet Pradhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-2054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["AU","MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Biswajeet Pradhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9863-2054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Advanced Modelling and Geospatial Information Systems (CAMGIS), Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth Observation Centre, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029739578","display_name":"Abdullah Alamri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3045-1350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Alamri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology & Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059040421","https://openalex.org/A5084518207"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466","https://openalex.org/I244572783","https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.7966,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85966498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"21","first_page":"7408","last_page":"7408"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5847197771072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.550338089466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5250989198684692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray","display_name":"Gray (unit)","score":0.4974510967731476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray-level","display_name":"Gray level","score":0.4945497214794159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.4872678518295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3402637839317322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3333953320980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2627493143081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.14797982573509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14408564567565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.13621574640274048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5847197771072388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.550338089466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5250989198684692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166275286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190095","display_name":"Gray (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4974510967731476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985861186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685727","display_name":"Gray level","level":3,"score":0.4945497214794159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.4872678518295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3402637839317322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3333953320980072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2627493143081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.14797982573509216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14408564567565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.13621574640274048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007498","descriptor_name":"Iris","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217408","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7408/pdf?version=1636361045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34770715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770715","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ce66a80ecb1c4e7596ebfe8428bd4fa7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ce66a80ecb1c4e7596ebfe8428bd4fa7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 21, p 7408 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/21/7408/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 21; Pages: 7408","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8587932","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8587932","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217408","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7408/pdf?version=1636361045","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214054153.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3214054153.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1844422699","https://openalex.org/W2014883954","https://openalex.org/W2024178148","https://openalex.org/W2083231836","https://openalex.org/W2150817856","https://openalex.org/W2498149730","https://openalex.org/W2563133041","https://openalex.org/W2564327313","https://openalex.org/W2627044814","https://openalex.org/W2773488129","https://openalex.org/W2888902882","https://openalex.org/W2893743410","https://openalex.org/W2898019018","https://openalex.org/W2902684310","https://openalex.org/W2914046405","https://openalex.org/W2941316126","https://openalex.org/W2942211779","https://openalex.org/W2954520085","https://openalex.org/W2954911006","https://openalex.org/W2956437865","https://openalex.org/W2964607446","https://openalex.org/W2979541246","https://openalex.org/W3004003386","https://openalex.org/W3005419988","https://openalex.org/W3009215117","https://openalex.org/W3011895174","https://openalex.org/W3012266169","https://openalex.org/W3018410518","https://openalex.org/W3031963257","https://openalex.org/W3034346322","https://openalex.org/W3039918438","https://openalex.org/W3046679739","https://openalex.org/W3047454406","https://openalex.org/W3047919650","https://openalex.org/W3080978033","https://openalex.org/W3094542756","https://openalex.org/W3095425121","https://openalex.org/W3097296462","https://openalex.org/W3100133143","https://openalex.org/W3120945007","https://openalex.org/W3128398869","https://openalex.org/W3161038926","https://openalex.org/W3166279400","https://openalex.org/W3174856141","https://openalex.org/W3184617907","https://openalex.org/W6758742213","https://openalex.org/W6781765545","https://openalex.org/W6798032743","https://openalex.org/W6799019307"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022419910","https://openalex.org/W2808615211","https://openalex.org/W4246259471","https://openalex.org/W4239226046","https://openalex.org/W4246457037","https://openalex.org/W4242705089","https://openalex.org/W659309325","https://openalex.org/W4251930800","https://openalex.org/W1989714207","https://openalex.org/W2997826139"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Iris":[0],"biometric":[1],"detection":[2,44,245],"provides":[3],"contactless":[4],"authentication,":[5],"preventing":[6],"the":[7,23,41,65,71,120,184,187,209,221,233,253],"spread":[8],"of":[9,25,54,64,70,91,108,119,186,228,242],"COVID-19-like":[10],"contagious":[11],"diseases.":[12],"However,":[13],"these":[14],"systems":[15],"are":[16,125,180],"prone":[17],"to":[18,47,127,182],"spoofing":[19,49],"attacks":[20],"attempted":[21],"with":[22,111,208],"help":[24,98],"contact":[26],"lenses,":[27],"replayed":[28],"video,":[29],"and":[30,36,61,83,93,102,151,178,201,250],"print":[31],"attacks,":[32,50],"making":[33],"them":[34],"vulnerable":[35],"unsafe.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"proposes":[40],"iris":[42,72,104,243],"liveness":[43,244],"(ILD)":[45],"method":[46],"mitigate":[48],"taking":[51],"global-level":[52],"features":[53,63,113,124],"Thepade's":[55,74,109],"sorted":[56],"block":[57],"truncation":[58],"coding":[59],"(TSBTC)":[60],"local-level":[62],"gray-level":[66],"co-occurrence":[67],"matrix":[68],"(GLCM)":[69],"image.":[73],"SBTC":[75,110],"extracts":[76,85],"global":[77,92],"color":[78],"texture":[79],"content":[80,95],"as":[81],"features,":[82],"GLCM":[84,112],"local":[86,94],"fine-texture":[87],"details.":[88],"The":[89,106,123,191,213,239],"fusion":[90,107,211,215],"presentation":[96],"may":[97],"distinguish":[99],"between":[100],"live":[101],"non-live":[103],"samples.":[105],"is":[114],"considered":[115],"in":[116,252],"experimental":[117],"validations":[118],"proposed":[121,203,214],"method.":[122],"used":[126,181],"train":[128],"nine":[129],"assorted":[130],"machine":[131,143],"learning":[132],"classifiers,":[133,229],"including":[134],"na\u00efve":[135],"Bayes":[136],"(NB),":[137],"decision":[138],"tree":[139],"(J48),":[140],"support":[141],"vector":[142],"(SVM),":[144],"random":[145],"forest":[146],"(RF),":[147],"multilayer":[148],"perceptron":[149],"(MLP),":[150],"ensembles":[152],"(SVM":[153],"+":[154,156,159,161,164,166,169,171,223,225],"RF":[155,160,163,170,222,234],"NB,":[157],"SVM":[158,165],"RT,":[162],"MLP,":[167],"J48":[168,224],"MLP)":[172],"for":[173],"ILD.":[174],"Accuracy,":[175],"precision,":[176],"recall,":[177],"F-measure":[179],"evaluate":[183],"performance":[185],"projected":[188],"ILD":[189],"variants.":[190],"experimentation":[192],"was":[193],"carried":[194],"out":[195],"on":[196],"four":[197],"standard":[198],"benchmark":[199],"datasets,":[200],"our":[202],"model":[204],"showed":[205],"improved":[206],"results":[207],"feature":[210],"approach.":[212],"approach":[216],"gave":[217,237],"99.68%":[218],"accuracy":[219],"using":[220],"MLP":[226],"ensemble":[227],"immediately":[230],"followed":[231],"by":[232,256],"algorithm,":[235],"which":[236],"95.57%.":[238],"better":[240],"capability":[241],"will":[246],"improve":[247],"human-computer":[248],"interaction":[249],"security":[251],"cyber-physical":[254],"space":[255],"improving":[257],"person":[258],"validation.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
