{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3208841491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217332","title":"UV Hyperspectral Imaging as Process Analytical Tool for the Characterization of Oxide Layers and Copper States on Direct Bonded Copper","display_name":"UV Hyperspectral Imaging as Process Analytical Tool for the Characterization of Oxide Layers and Copper States on Direct Bonded Copper","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3208841491","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217332","mag":"3208841491","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7332/pdf?version=1636447615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7332/pdf?version=1636447615","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037886124","display_name":"Mohammad Al Ktash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-5669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Al Ktash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-5669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109523125","display_name":"Mona Stefanakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mona Stefanakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-0640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080162980","display_name":"Tim Englert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-917X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Englert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany","Robert Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 1342, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8622-917X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 1342, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012052056","display_name":"Maryam S. L. Drechsel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam S. L. Drechsel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006376150","display_name":"Jan Stiedl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5553-8631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Stiedl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 1342, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 1342, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029878705","display_name":"Simon Green","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9153-9786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889804353","display_name":"Robert Bosch (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/01fe0jt45","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Green","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 1342, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Postfach 1342, 72703 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066960989","display_name":"Timo Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-2306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timo Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7777-2306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032205810","display_name":"Barbara Boldrini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1357-8453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Boldrini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077353204","display_name":"Edwin Ostertag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-0544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin Ostertag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-0544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033443469","display_name":"Karsten Rebner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3577-2903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karsten Rebner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3577-2903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052433668","display_name":"Marc Brecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-1448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","display_name":"Reutlingen University","ror":"https://ror.org/00q644y50","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8087733","display_name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","ror":"https://ror.org/03a1kwz48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc Brecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5537-1448","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University T\u00fcbingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8087733"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Process Analysis and Technology PA & T, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstra\u00dfe 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052433668"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57589565","https://openalex.org/I8087733"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":1.1796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74978723,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"21","first_page":"7332","last_page":"7332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.9258930087089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","score":0.7631303668022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.6765439510345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"Copper","score":0.6260944604873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroscopy","display_name":"Spectroscopy","score":0.6206480860710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imaging-spectroscopy","display_name":"Imaging spectroscopy","score":0.5889480113983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.5320466756820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.47482213377952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-imaging","display_name":"Chemical imaging","score":0.47330108284950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.45913130044937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.35335105657577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3462023437023163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3319556713104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11242693662643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.1106080412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10085028409957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy","display_name":"Metallurgy","score":0.09891828894615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-chemistry","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","score":0.09420010447502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06732109189033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.06664013862609863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.9258930087089539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.7631303668022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.6765439510345459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.6260944604873657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.6206480860710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158479148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609991","display_name":"Imaging spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.5889480113983154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.5320466756820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.47482213377952576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65597285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090469","display_name":"Chemical imaging","level":3,"score":0.47330108284950256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.45913130044937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.35335105657577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3462023437023163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3319556713104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11242693662643433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1106080412864685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10085028409957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.09891828894615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.09420010447502136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06732109189033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.06664013862609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000081862","descriptor_name":"Hyperspectral Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003300","descriptor_name":"Copper","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003300","descriptor_name":"Copper","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003300","descriptor_name":"Copper","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010087","descriptor_name":"Oxides","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010087","descriptor_name":"Oxides","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010087","descriptor_name":"Oxides","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016018","descriptor_name":"Least-Squares Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7332/pdf?version=1636447615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34770640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6a85092827184b35ae9c7c442f628be9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6a85092827184b35ae9c7c442f628be9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 21, p 7332 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/21/7332/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217332","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 21; Pages: 7332","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oparu.uni-ulm.de:123456789/42991","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:289-oparu-42991-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400353","display_name":"OPen Access Repositorium der Universit\u00e4t Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","host_organization_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.reutlingen-university.de:3294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publikationen.reutlingen-university.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/3294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400499","display_name":"Reutlingen University Academic Bibliography (Reutlingen University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I57589565","host_organization_name":"Reutlingen University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57589565"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8588143","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8588143","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.18725/oparu-42915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18725/oparu-42915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407052964","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz)","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217332","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217332","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7332/pdf?version=1636447615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3208841491.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988386267","https://openalex.org/W1996821078","https://openalex.org/W2016166719","https://openalex.org/W2048976066","https://openalex.org/W2059738040","https://openalex.org/W2067782748","https://openalex.org/W2129048523","https://openalex.org/W2134660446","https://openalex.org/W2158863190","https://openalex.org/W2316689885","https://openalex.org/W2504674654","https://openalex.org/W2515545086","https://openalex.org/W2560545418","https://openalex.org/W2598066171","https://openalex.org/W2763148304","https://openalex.org/W2884482615","https://openalex.org/W2899441775","https://openalex.org/W2944754707","https://openalex.org/W2950318295","https://openalex.org/W2967036452","https://openalex.org/W3036510390","https://openalex.org/W3110670784","https://openalex.org/W3123822880","https://openalex.org/W3173862881","https://openalex.org/W6756262545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W163927463","https://openalex.org/W2125664143","https://openalex.org/W4385840441","https://openalex.org/W2027399350","https://openalex.org/W2059675262","https://openalex.org/W4324326523","https://openalex.org/W4386427838","https://openalex.org/W2058549613","https://openalex.org/W2514046700","https://openalex.org/W2015356488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hyperspectral":[0],"imaging":[1,50,64],"and":[2,16,21,90,112,139,146,163,165,170],"reflectance":[3,35],"spectroscopy":[4,145],"in":[5,29],"the":[6,45,48,53,58,114,129,133],"range":[7],"from":[8],"200\u2013380":[9],"nm":[10,169],"were":[11,80,104],"used":[12],"to":[13,43,106,110],"rapidly":[14],"detect":[15],"characterize":[17,111],"copper":[18,28,59,79],"oxidation":[19],"states":[20],"their":[22],"layer":[23,88,116],"thicknesses":[24],"on":[25,67,132],"direct":[26,77],"bonded":[27,78],"a":[30,38,68,85,125],"non-destructive":[31],"way.":[32],"Single-point":[33],"UV":[34,62,144],"spectroscopy,":[36],"as":[37],"well-established":[39],"method,":[40],"was":[41,71,91],"utilized":[42],"compare":[44],"quality":[46],"of":[47,57,76,190],"hyperspectral":[49,63,147],"results.":[51],"For":[52],"laterally":[54],"resolved":[55],"measurements":[56],"surfaces":[60],"an":[61],"setup":[65],"based":[66],"pushbroom":[69],"imager":[70],"used.":[72],"Six":[73],"different":[74,86],"types":[75,131],"studied.":[81],"Each":[82],"type":[83],"had":[84],"oxide":[87,115],"thickness":[89],"analyzed":[92],"by":[93],"depth":[94],"profiling":[95],"using":[96],"X-ray":[97],"photoelectron":[98],"spectroscopy.":[99],"In":[100],"total,":[101],"28":[102],"samples":[103],"measured":[105],"develop":[107],"multivariate":[108,181],"models":[109,122,155],"predict":[113],"thicknesses.":[117],"The":[118,174],"principal":[119],"component":[120],"analysis":[121],"(PCA)":[123],"enabled":[124],"general":[126],"differentiation":[127],"between":[128],"sample":[130],"first":[134],"two":[135],"PCs":[136],"with":[137,159,180],"100.0%":[138],"96%":[140],"explained":[141],"variance":[142],"for":[143,187],"imaging,":[148],"respectively.":[149,173],"Partial":[150],"least":[151],"squares":[152],"regression":[153],"(PLS-R)":[154],"showed":[156],"reliable":[157],"performance":[158],"R2c":[160],"=":[161,167],"0.94":[162,164],"RMSEC":[166],"1.64":[168],"1.76":[171],"nm,":[172],"developed":[175],"in-line":[176],"prototype":[177],"system":[178],"combined":[179],"data":[182],"modeling":[183],"shows":[184],"high":[185],"potential":[186],"further":[188],"development":[189],"this":[191],"technique":[192],"towards":[193],"real":[194],"large-scale":[195],"processes.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
