{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210034148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217234","title":"Behavioral Analysis and Individual Tracking Based on Kalman Filter: Application in an Urban Environment","display_name":"Behavioral Analysis and Individual Tracking Based on Kalman Filter: Application in an Urban Environment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210034148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217234","mag":"3210034148","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770538"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7234/pdf?version=1635758413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7234/pdf?version=1635758413","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043244369","display_name":"Amaury Auguste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-4920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132279224","display_name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'\u00c9lectronique et du Num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/017h2rd72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132279224"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amaury Auguste","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISEN Yncr\u00e9a M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Pl. Georges Pompidou, 83000 Toulon, France","L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9157-4920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEN Yncr\u00e9a M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Pl. Georges Pompidou, 83000 Toulon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132279224"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008664054","display_name":"Wissam Kaddah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-3053"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wissam Kaddah","raw_affiliation_strings":["L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107772760","display_name":"Marwa Elbouz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9617-9767"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marwa Elbouz","raw_affiliation_strings":["L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086942519","display_name":"Ghislain Oudinet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6984-5682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132279224","display_name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l'\u00c9lectronique et du Num\u00e9rique","ror":"https://ror.org/017h2rd72","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132279224"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghislain Oudinet","raw_affiliation_strings":["ISEN Yncr\u00e9a M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Pl. Georges Pompidou, 83000 Toulon, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEN Yncr\u00e9a M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Pl. Georges Pompidou, 83000 Toulon, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132279224"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038885367","display_name":"Ayman Alfalou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-4648"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Alfalou","raw_affiliation_strings":["L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-4648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"L@bISEN, Equipe LSL, Yncrea Ouest, 20 Rue Cuirasse Bretagne, 29200 Brest, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038885367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2598},"fwci":0.194,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50639122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"21","first_page":"7234","last_page":"7234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.8786335587501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6936373114585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6733882427215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6717294454574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.5575070381164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5524632930755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anticipation","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","score":0.5289055705070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5221703052520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.46025124192237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4456876218318939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.431626558303833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.8786335587501526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6936373114585876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6733882427215576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6717294454574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5575070381164551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5524632930755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176777502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774623","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","level":2,"score":0.5289055705070496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5221703052520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.46025124192237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4456876218318939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.431626558303833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7234/pdf?version=1635758413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34770538","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770538","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03411220v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-03411220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, 2021, 21 (21), pp.7234. &#x27E8;10.3390/s21217234&#x27E9;","raw_type":"Journal articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:544c6c29dfb9410fae1afbf269cb95b5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/544c6c29dfb9410fae1afbf269cb95b5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 21, p 7234 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/1424-8220/21/21/7234/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors; Volume 21; Issue 21; Pages: 7234","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8588364","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8588364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217234","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7234/pdf?version=1635758413","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3210034148.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1674029421","https://openalex.org/W1963908031","https://openalex.org/W2111308925","https://openalex.org/W2149629064","https://openalex.org/W2467179862","https://openalex.org/W2548252210","https://openalex.org/W2892365423","https://openalex.org/W2896726780","https://openalex.org/W2899248156","https://openalex.org/W2918423287","https://openalex.org/W2970827581","https://openalex.org/W2990868438","https://openalex.org/W3004376364","https://openalex.org/W3009326742","https://openalex.org/W3111907563","https://openalex.org/W3127624285","https://openalex.org/W3129521439","https://openalex.org/W3130899869","https://openalex.org/W3134385809","https://openalex.org/W3153335131","https://openalex.org/W3153381432","https://openalex.org/W3153739463","https://openalex.org/W3162629760","https://openalex.org/W6780413204"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373557848","https://openalex.org/W2002488624","https://openalex.org/W2088970451","https://openalex.org/W4309225183","https://openalex.org/W2157008402","https://openalex.org/W2394134009","https://openalex.org/W2592302855","https://openalex.org/W1971984615","https://openalex.org/W2046099857","https://openalex.org/W2806679586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"order":[1],"to":[2,43,75,109,159],"improve":[3,175],"behavioral":[4],"analysis":[5],"systems":[6],"in":[7,30,65,102,125,140,165,179,182,239],"urban":[8],"environments,":[9],"this":[10,72,103,240],"paper":[11],"proposes,":[12],"using":[13,51],"data":[14],"extracted":[15],"from":[16],"video":[17,41],"surveillance":[18],"cameras,":[19],"a":[20,40,83,106,141,161],"tracking":[21,45,112,129,180],"method":[22,50,73,122,155,167,217,224],"through":[23,210],"two":[24,37,195,233],"approaches.":[25],"The":[26,48,69,97,120,207],"first":[27,154],"approach":[28,108],"consists":[29],"comparing":[31],"the":[32,57,60,66,126,128,133,147,153,166,170,176,191,194,200,204,214,222,235],"position":[33,61],"of":[34,39,59,62,71,99,149,152,163,184,193,234],"people":[35,87],"between":[36],"images":[38],"and":[42,113,117,132,144,173,181],"perform":[44],"by":[46],"proximity.":[47],"second":[49],"Kalman":[52,100,171,215],"filters":[53,101],"is":[54,123,130,218,229],"based":[55,168],"on":[56,115,169,243],"anticipation":[58],"an":[63],"individual":[64],"upcoming":[67],"image.":[68],"use":[70,98,148],"proves":[74],"be":[76,157],"more":[77,219],"efficient":[78,220],"as":[79,197,199],"it":[80],"allows":[81],"continuing":[82],"detection":[84],"even":[85],"when":[86,92],"cross":[88],"each":[89],"other":[90],"or":[91],"they":[93],"pass":[94],"behind":[95],"obstacles.":[96],"domain":[104],"provides":[105],"new":[107],"obtain":[110],"reliable":[111],"information":[114],"speed":[116],"trajectory":[118],"variations.":[119],"proposed":[121],"innovative":[124],"way":[127],"performed":[131],"results":[134,201,212],"are":[135],"exploited.":[136],"Experiments":[137],"were":[138],"conducted":[139],"real":[142],"situation":[143],"showed":[145],"that":[146,213],"some":[150],"elements":[151],"could":[156],"reused":[158],"integrate":[160],"notion":[162],"distance":[164],"filter":[172,216],"thus":[174],"latter":[177],"both":[178],"detecting":[183],"abnormal":[185],"behavior.":[186],"This":[187],"article":[188,241],"deals":[189],"with":[190,203],"functioning":[192],"methods":[196],"well":[198],"obtained":[202],"same":[205],"scenarios.":[206],"experimentation":[208],"concludes":[209],"concrete":[211],"than":[221],"proximity":[223],"alone.":[225],"A":[226],"sample":[227],"result":[228],"available":[230],"online":[231],"for":[232],"seven":[236],"videos":[237],"used":[238],"(accessed":[242],"19":[244],"July":[245],"2021).":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
