{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209957851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217207","title":"A Continuous Blood Pressure Estimation Method Using Photoplethysmography by GRNN-Based Model","display_name":"A Continuous Blood Pressure Estimation Method Using Photoplethysmography by GRNN-Based Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209957851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217207","mag":"3209957851","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770514"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217207","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7207/pdf?version=1635761377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7207/pdf?version=1635761377","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011243960","display_name":"Zheming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-6331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022166121","display_name":"Wei He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4523-8242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022166121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2376},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2376},"fwci":1.1007,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74123064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"21","first_page":"7207","last_page":"7207"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.8842668533325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.8814058303833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.7055702805519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.5629042387008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.5560539960861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4929654598236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.42618048191070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4078660309314728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3542371392250061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33316880464553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.32597506046295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3245968222618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.274907648563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.21308884024620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.13235586881637573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.8842668533325195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.8814058303833008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.7055702805519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.5629042387008667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.5560539960861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4929654598236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.42618048191070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4078660309314728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3542371392250061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33316880464553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32597506046295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3245968222618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.274907648563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.21308884024620056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.13235586881637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001794","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001795","descriptor_name":"Blood Pressure Determination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217207","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7207/pdf?version=1635761377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34770514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34770514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8587576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8587576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b26502342d6a4348ab0cb6465819dd60","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b26502342d6a4348ab0cb6465819dd60","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 21, Iss 21, p 7207 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s21217207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217207","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/21/7207/pdf?version=1635761377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2966244948","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u5316\u5fc3\u8840\u7ba1\u7cfb\u7edf\u8026\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u52a8\u8109\u538b\u5f62\u6210\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u65e0\u521b\u68c0\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61501070","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209957851.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3209957851.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987330477","https://openalex.org/W2022234742","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2149723649","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2166451543","https://openalex.org/W2431637923","https://openalex.org/W2746801097","https://openalex.org/W2755894455","https://openalex.org/W2766118186","https://openalex.org/W2780316996","https://openalex.org/W2790385199","https://openalex.org/W2790723868","https://openalex.org/W2888894984","https://openalex.org/W2889840646","https://openalex.org/W2892649144","https://openalex.org/W2906624315","https://openalex.org/W2957529213","https://openalex.org/W2965846681","https://openalex.org/W2981855916","https://openalex.org/W2982386496","https://openalex.org/W2983079723","https://openalex.org/W3005303510","https://openalex.org/W3015201783","https://openalex.org/W3016504312","https://openalex.org/W3021468941","https://openalex.org/W3036424169","https://openalex.org/W3045718109","https://openalex.org/W3081617066","https://openalex.org/W3090240709","https://openalex.org/W3090602117","https://openalex.org/W3123642578","https://openalex.org/W3133366181","https://openalex.org/W3135184486","https://openalex.org/W3142592289","https://openalex.org/W3150350631","https://openalex.org/W3153843219","https://openalex.org/W3159598895","https://openalex.org/W3161664154","https://openalex.org/W3171696829","https://openalex.org/W3199799781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W2072858761","https://openalex.org/W1540261775","https://openalex.org/W4200107443","https://openalex.org/W2905091233","https://openalex.org/W2348795485","https://openalex.org/W2024367938","https://openalex.org/W2389638540"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Compared":[0],"with":[1],"diastolic":[2],"blood":[3,8,12],"pressure":[4,9,13],"(DBP)":[5],"and":[6,39,41,76,87,94,109,111,125,150,166,183],"systolic":[7],"(SBP),":[10],"the":[11,51,72,81,99,105,119,122,129,139,157,173,176,189,199,205,210],"(BP)":[14],"waveform":[15,53,89,207],"contains":[16,107],"richer":[17],"physiological":[18],"information":[19],"that":[20,138,198],"can":[21,35,202],"be":[22,116],"used":[23],"for":[24,118,148,155,164,168,175],"disease":[25],"diagnosis.":[26],"However,":[27],"most":[28],"models":[29],"based":[30,63],"on":[31,49,64],"photoplethysmogram":[32],"(PPG)":[33],"signals":[34],"only":[36,208],"estimate":[37,71,204],"SBP":[38,75,93,149,165],"DBP":[40,95],"are":[42,96],"susceptible":[43],"to":[44,70,115,188],"noise":[45],"signals.":[46],"We":[47,59],"focus":[48],"estimating":[50],"BP":[52,57,73,88,101,206],"rather":[54],"than":[55],"discrete":[56],"values.":[58],"propose":[60],"a":[61,65],"model":[62,79,106,136,201],"generalized":[66],"regression":[67],"neural":[68],"network":[69],"waveform,":[74],"DBP.":[77,169],"This":[78],"takes":[80],"raw":[82,211],"PPG":[83,212],"signal":[84],"as":[85,90],"input":[86],"output.":[91],"The":[92,131,195],"extracted":[97],"from":[98],"estimated":[100],"waveform.":[102,130],"In":[103],"addition,":[104],"encoders":[108],"decoders,":[110],"their":[112],"role":[113],"is":[114,143,162],"responsible":[117],"conversion":[120],"between":[121],"time":[123],"domain":[124,127],"frequency":[126],"of":[128,134,178],"prediction":[132],"results":[133,171,196],"our":[135],"show":[137,197],"mean":[140,159],"absolute":[141],"error":[142,161],"3.96":[144],"\u00b1":[145,152],"5.36":[146],"mmHg":[147,154],"2.39":[151],"3.28":[153],"DBP,":[156],"root":[158],"square":[160],"5.54":[163],"3.45":[167],"These":[170],"fulfill":[172],"Association":[174],"Advancement":[177],"Medical":[179],"Instrumentation":[180],"(AAMI)":[181],"standard":[182],"obtain":[184],"grade":[185],"A":[186],"according":[187],"British":[190],"Hypertension":[191],"Society":[192],"(BHS)":[193],"standard.":[194],"proposed":[200],"effectively":[203],"using":[209],"signal.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}